肝内胆管癌根治性切除术后教科书式结局的预测因素及预后价值

张必园 ,  谢伟选 ,  柏杨 ,  方征 ,  罗昆仑 ,  梅雪 ,  徐海婷 ,  周志华 ,  朱庆洲

中国普通外科杂志 ›› 2025, Vol. 34 ›› Issue (08) : 1688 -1695.

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中国普通外科杂志 ›› 2025, Vol. 34 ›› Issue (08) : 1688 -1695. DOI: 10.7659/j.issn.1005-6947.250355
专题研究

肝内胆管癌根治性切除术后教科书式结局的预测因素及预后价值

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Predictive factors and prognostic value of textbook outcomes after radical resection for intrahepatic cholangiocarcinoma

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摘要

背景与目的 肝内胆管癌(ICC)根治性切除是唯一可能治愈的手段,但术后复发率高、预后差。近年来提出的“教科书式结局”(TO)作为综合性质量评价指标,其与预后关系尚未充分明确。本研究旨在分析影响ICC根治性切除术后达到TO的危险因素,并探讨TO与生存的关系。 方法 回顾性分析2018年2月—2023年2月在中国人民解放军联勤保障部队第九〇四医院接受根治性切除的180例ICC患者临床资料,采用单因素与多因素Logistic回归分析影响TO的危险因素,并应用Kaplan-Meier方法及Log-rank检验进行生存分析。 结果 180例患者中66例达到TO。多因素Logistic回归分析显示,术前总胆红素水平22 μmol/L、术前CA19-935 U/mL、最大肿瘤直径5 cm、肿瘤分化程度差、MVI及淋巴结转移是影响达到TO的独立危险因素(均P0.05)。生存分析结果表明,达到TO组患者中位生存时间明显长于未达到TO组(36个月vs. 16个月,P0.001)。 结论 术前总胆红素水平22 μmol/L、术前CA19-935 U/mL、最大肿瘤直径5 cm、肿瘤分化程度、MVI及淋巴结转移是影响ICC根治性切除术后达到TO的独立危险因素。达到TO的患者具有显著更长的生存期,提示TO不仅能够综合反映围手术期的治疗水平,也是预后评估的重要工具。临床上应重视相关危险因素,优化围手术期管理,促进患者达到TO,从而改善远期预后。

Abstract

Background and Aims Radical resection is the only potentially curative treatment for intrahepatic cholangiocarcinoma (ICC), yet the high recurrence rate results in poor prognosis. In recent years, "textbook outcome" (TO) has been proposed as a comprehensive quality metric, but its association with prognosis remains unclear. This study aimed to analyze the risk factors influencing the achievement of TO after radical resection of ICC and to explore the relationship between TO and survival. Methods A retrospective analysis was conducted on the clinical data of 180 ICC patients who underwent radical resection at the 904th Hospital of the Joint Logistic Support Force of the PLA between February 2018 and February 2023. Univariate and multivariate Logistic regression analyses were performed to identify risk factors associated with TO, and survival analysis was carried out using the Kaplan-Meier method and Log-rank test. Results Of the 180 patients, 66 achieved TO. Multivariate Logistic regression analysis indicated that preoperative total bilirubin 22 μmol/L, preoperative CA19-9 35 U/mL, maximum tumor diameter 5 cm, poor tumor differentiation, microvascular invasion (MVI), and lymph node metastasis were independent risk factors for failing to achieve TO (all P0.05). Survival analysis demonstrated that patients who achieved TO had a significantly longer median survival compared with those who did not (36 months vs. 16 months, P0.001). Conclusion Preoperative total bilirubin 22 μmol/L, preoperative CA19-935 U/mL, maximum tumor diameter 5 cm, poor tumor differentiation, MVI, and lymph node metastasis are independent risk factors for not achieving TO after radical resection of ICC. Patients who achieved TO exhibited markedly longer survival, suggesting that TO not only reflects perioperative treatment quality but also serves as an important prognostic indicator. Greater attention to these risk factors and optimization of perioperative management may improve the likelihood of achieving TO and enhance long-term outcomes.

Graphical abstract

关键词

胆管肿瘤 / 胆管,肝内 / 教科书式结局 / 危险因素 / 预后

Key words

Bile Duct Neoplasms / Bile Ducts, Intrahepatic / Textbook Outcome / Risk Factors / Prognosis

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张必园,谢伟选,柏杨,方征,罗昆仑,梅雪,徐海婷,周志华,朱庆洲. 肝内胆管癌根治性切除术后教科书式结局的预测因素及预后价值[J]. 中国普通外科杂志, 2025, 34(08): 1688-1695 DOI:10.7659/j.issn.1005-6947.250355

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肝内胆管癌(intrahepatic cholangiocarcinoma,ICC)是起源于二级胆管及其以上分支的胆管上皮细胞肿瘤,该疾病在全球范围的发病率逐年递增。根治性切除术是本病唯一有效的治愈手段,但患者术后远期预后较差,5年总生存率仅为10%~40%[1-4]。目前,对于ICC的研究为单一的临床分析、病理学、手术情况等各因素对预后的影响的研究。但是,单一指标或个体结局不能很好地评价疾病治疗水平[5-6]。因此,教科书式结局(textbook outcomes,TO)近年来被用于术后结局、护理及医院治疗质量的评估,相较于单一指标或个体结局更具全面性[7-8]。本研究回顾性分析了2018年2月—2023年2月在中国人民解放军联勤保障部队第九〇四医院收治的180例行根治性切除术的ICC患者的临床资料,通过探讨影响ICC根治性切除术后达到TO的危险因素,从而制定个体化的治疗方案,使患者获得更佳预后。

1 资料与方法

1.1 研究对象

回顾性分析了2018年2月—2023年2月在中国人民解放军联勤保障部队第九〇四医院行根治性切除术的180例ICC患者资料,其中男性105例,女性75例;年龄(55.63±13.41)岁。纳入标准:(1) 行ICC根治性切除术,术后病理为ICC;(2) 距切缘1 mm内无肿瘤细胞残留(R0切除);(3) 临床资料完整,术后随访资料完整;(4) 无合并其他类型肿瘤。排除标准:(1) 合并肝外转移或术中探查发现肿瘤侵犯腹壁、横结肠、胃等邻近脏器;(2) 肝功能Child-Pugh分级为C级;(3) 未行淋巴结清扫;(4) 失访患者。本研究通过中国人民解放军联勤保障部队第九〇四医院伦理审查委员会批准(批号:20240905)。

1.2 资料收集

一般资料:年龄、性别、肝硬化、胆道结石、术前减轻黄疸治疗、术前肝功能Child-Pugh分级、肿瘤最大直径、肿瘤数目。术前实验室检查:乙肝表面抗原、术前总胆红素、术前凝血酶原时间、术前CA19-9、术前甲胎蛋白(AFP),所有指标来自术前7 d内的常规检查。病理特征:肿瘤分化程度、周围神经侵犯、微血管侵犯(microvascular invasion,MVI)、淋巴结转移,所有病理特征均由2名专业水平较高的病理科主治医师复诊证实。围手术期指标:术后主要并发症、住院时间、术后30 d死亡情况、出院30 d内再入院情况,术后主要并发症为住院期间发生的内科或外科并发症[9]。淋巴结清扫范围:淋巴结清扫类型分为区域和扩大清扫,区域性的淋巴结清扫范围包括了胆囊管周围及肝十二指肠韧带内的淋巴结,而进一步扩大清扫则延伸至胰头后方、肝总动脉旁以及腹腔干旁的淋巴结[4,10]

1.3 TO的定义

本研究中,TO根据既往报道的胆管癌切除术后患者最理想预后相关的6个指标进行定义[11]:(1) 无术后30 d内并发症(术后并发症包括:肝切除术后肝功能衰竭、胆汁漏、胸腔积液、腹水、肺部感染、手术部位感染、胃排空延迟等);(2) 无延长的住院时间(总住院时间≤中位总住院时间);(3) 围手术期无输血;(4) 手术切缘阴性;(5) 无术后30 d内死亡;(6) 无术后30 d再入院。

1.4 随访

采用电话、门诊复查等方式进行随访。术后第1年每3个月随访1次,此后每6个月随访1次,截止日期为2025年3月1日。每次随访内容包括血清肿瘤标志物,胸腹部增强CT或腹部增强MRI检查,必要时行PET/CT检查来诊断ICC复发。

1.5 统计学处理

用SPSS 27.0进行统计分析。符合正态分布的计量资料以均数±标准差(x¯±s)表示,组间比较采用独立样本t检验;偏态分布的计量资料以中位数(范围)[MIQR)]表示,组间比较采用Mann-Whitney U检验。计数资料采用χ2检验或Fisher确切概率法进行组间比较。单因素分析根据资料类型选择对应的统计学方法,多因素分析采用Logistic回归模型前进法。采用Kaplan Meier法计算生存率和绘制生存曲线,Log-rank检验进行生存分析。P0.05为差异有统计学意义。

2 结 果

2.1 治疗情况

180例患者完成肝切除术,其中40例术中输血,8例术后输血,85例发生术后并发症,其中50例为轻症并发症(Clavien⁃Dindo并发症分级Ⅰ级17例、Ⅱ级33例),35例为重症并发症(Clavien⁃Dindo并发症分级Ⅲa级25例、Ⅲb级3例、Ⅳa级2例、Ⅳb级3例、Ⅴ级2例)。患者总住院时间为20(9~56)d。

2.2 TO情况

在180例患者中,145例无主要术后并发症,132例围手术期无输血,92例住院时间无延长,178例术后30 d内无死亡,175例出院后30 d内无再入院。在180例患者中,66例术后达到TO,114例术后未达到TO。

2.3 影响术后达到TO的危险因素分析

单因素分析结果显示:术前总胆红素水平、术前CA19-9水平、最大肿瘤直径、肿瘤分化程度、MVI、淋巴结转移是影响患者术后达到TO的相关因素(均P0.05);而性别、年龄、HBsAg、肝硬化、胆管结石、术前减轻黄疸治疗、术前AFP水平、肿瘤数目、周围神经侵犯与患者术后达到TO无明显关系(均P0.05)(表1)。

多因素分析结果显示:术前总胆红素水平22 μmol/L、术前CA19-935 U/mL、最大肿瘤直径5 cm、肿瘤分化程度、MVI、淋巴结转移是影响ICC根治性切除术后达到TO的独立危险因素(均P0.05)。术前肝功能Child-Pugh分级不是影响ICC根治性切除术后达到TO的独立危险因素(P0.05)(表2)。

2.4 生存情况

66例达到TO患者的中位生存时间为36个月,114例未达到TO患者的中位生存时间为16个月,两组术后生存时间差异有统计学意义(χ2=118.536,P0.001)(图1)。

3 讨 论

ICC是我国较为常见的肝脏原发性肿瘤,占原发性肝癌的10%~15%,占胆管癌的20%[12-13]。目前,手术根治性切除是治愈ICC的唯一手段,但是,即使接受了根治性手术切除,部分患者术后复发率仍可达60%以上,40%以上的患者最终死于肿瘤复发[14-15]。本研究通过回顾性分析我院收治的180例行ICC根治性切除术后达到TO的影响因素,从而用于提高ICC根治性切除术后远期预后。

本研究结果显示,180例ICC患者中达到TO的患者有66例,通过多因素分析显示,术前总胆红素水平22 μmol/L、术前CA19-935 U/mL、最大肿瘤直径5 cm、肿瘤分化程度、MVI、淋巴结转移是影响ICC术后达到TO的独立危险因素。近年来,有研究[16-18]认为肿瘤梗阻导致胆汁淤积是影响肝切除术后预后的重要因素,梗阻性黄疸进行性升高,可导致患者出现营养不良、胆管炎和内毒素血症等不良反应,从而导致患者术后预后不良。国内外有研究显示:进行术前胆道引流(preoperative biliary drainage,PBD),可降低手术并发症发生率,有利于患者术后恢复,减少死亡率,尤其是术前总胆红素162 μmol/L时,推荐术前常规行PBD[16]。本研究结果显示,术前总胆红素水平是影响ICC术后达到TO的独立危险因素(OR=2.192,95% CI=1.116~4.307,P=0.023),因此,术前总胆红素水平作为影响ICC术后预后的重要指标,可用于评估ICC术后复发风险和预后,为临床诊疗提供参考。此外,有研究[19-20]报道显示:CA19-9的升高与ICC的恶性程度、肿瘤负荷和肿瘤的扩散程度密切相关,尤其是在ICC合并淋巴结转移、远处转移的患者中,CA19-9水平呈显著性升高趋势。在ICC术后早期,CA19-9被认为是判断术后复发的重要指标[21-22]。本研究结果与以上研究结果相一致,本研究显示,术前CA19-9水平是影响ICC术后达到TO的独立危险因素(OR=3.193,95% CI=1.697~6.007,P0.001),因此,术前CA19-9水平可用于评估ICC术后复发风险和远期预后的重要指标。淋巴结转移是评估ICC预后的重要指标,有研究结果显示,淋巴结转移可通过多种机制影响肿瘤的生物学行为,淋巴结转移通常伴有更差的肿瘤分期和较差的病理分级,往往伴随着肿瘤的局部浸润性更强,导致患者术后预后不良[23-24]。本研究显示:淋巴结转移(OR=2.400,95% CI=1.247~4.619,P=0.009)和肿瘤分化程度(OR=2.890,95% CI=1.541~5.417,P0.001)是影响ICC术后达到TO的独立危险因素。因此,在ICC治疗过程中,对淋巴结转移和肿瘤分化程度差的患者,积极的术后治疗和密切监测有助于改善患者术后预后。MVI也与ICC的侵袭性、转移能力和预后密切相关,MVI的存在通常意味着肿瘤的血管生成过程已发生,此时的肿瘤已能通过血管进入体内其他部位[25-26]。还有国内外多项研究[27-28]表明MVI不仅可影响ICC的局部复发,也参与肿瘤的远处转移,严重影响ICC患者术后的预后。本研究结果与以上研究相一致,本研究结果显示:MVI是影响ICC术后达到TO的独立危险因素(OR=2.530,95% CI=1.290~4.960,P=0.007)。因此,MVI可用于评估ICC术后复发风险和预后,为临床治疗提供参考。此外,肿瘤最大直径5 cm也被认为是影响ICC患者术后预后的重要指标。有研究结果显示:肿瘤直径越大,患者行肝脏切除的手术范围越大,剩余肝脏体积越小,术后肝脏衰竭的发生率提高[29-30]。本研究结果显示:最大肿瘤直径5 cm是影响ICC术后达到TO的独立危险因素(OR=2.448,95% CI=1.315~4.556,P=0.005)。因此,肿瘤最大直径也可以用于评估ICC术后预后状态,为临床诊疗提供帮助。

此外,本研究的生存分析结果进一步表明,达到TO的患者中位生存时间显著长于未达到TO的患者(36个月vs. 16个月,P0.001)。这提示TO不仅能全面反映围手术期治疗质量,还与患者远期生存密切相关。因此,TO可作为ICC根治性切除术后疗效评价及预后判断的重要综合指标,为临床管理和随访策略提供有价值的参考。

综上所述,术前总胆红素水平22 μmol/L、术前CA19-935 U/mL、最大肿瘤直径5 cm、肿瘤分化程度、MVI及淋巴结转移是影响ICC根治性切除术后达到TO的独立危险因素。达到TO的患者具有显著更长的生存期,提示TO不仅能够综合反映围手术期的治疗水平,也是预后评估的重要工具。临床上应重视相关危险因素,优化围手术期管理,促进患者达到TO,从而改善远期预后。

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基金资助

安徽医科大学校科研基金项目青年科学基金资助项目(2021xkj120)

2024年无锡市科学技术协会软课题资助项目(KX-24-C291)

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