肝癌合并血管侵犯的治疗策略及研究进展

陈荣晨 ,  柳宗翰 ,  程树群

中国普通外科杂志 ›› 2025, Vol. 34 ›› Issue (07) : 1331 -1339.

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中国普通外科杂志 ›› 2025, Vol. 34 ›› Issue (07) : 1331 -1339. DOI: 10.7659/j.issn.1005-6947.250368
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肝癌合并血管侵犯的治疗策略及研究进展

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Therapeutic strategies and research progress in hepatocellular carcinoma with vascular invasion

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摘要

肝细胞癌(HCC)具有高度血管侵犯特性,易形成血管癌栓,显著影响预后及治疗决策。微血管侵犯是术后复发的重要预测因子,而大血管癌栓则提示疾病进入晚期。近年来,围绕血管癌栓的标准化诊断、术前预测及个体化治疗策略均取得积极进展。影像组学与生物标志物的结合显著提升了术前预测微血管癌栓的准确率,同时,各类新辅助与辅助治疗策略在术后复发控制中展现出潜力。尽管诊疗体系不断优化,肿瘤异质性、缺乏动态监测工具及高危患者生存率提升困难等问题亟待突破。本文汇总近年来HCC血管癌栓领域的研究进展,旨在为临床实践提供理论支持,并推动个体化精准治疗的发展。

Abstract

Hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) is characterized by a high propensity for vascular invasion, frequently leading to the formation of tumor thrombi, which significantly affect prognosis and therapeutic decision-making. Microvascular invasion (MVI) is a key predictor of postoperative recurrence, whereas the presence of macrovascular tumor thrombus indicates advanced disease. In recent years, notable progress has been made in the standardized diagnosis, preoperative prediction, and individualized treatment strategies for vascular tumor thrombi. The integration of radiomics and biomarkers has markedly improved the accuracy of preoperative MVI prediction, while various neoadjuvant and adjuvant treatment approaches have shown potential in controlling postoperative recurrence. Despite continuous optimization of diagnostic and therapeutic systems, challenges remain, including tumor heterogeneity, the lack of dynamic monitoring tools, and the difficulty in improving survival rates in high-risk patients. This review summarizes recent advances in the field of vascular tumor thrombi in HCC, aiming to provide theoretical support for clinical practice and to promote the development of individualized precision therapy.

关键词

癌,肝细胞 / 肿瘤浸润 / 门静脉 / 肝静脉 / 精准医学

Key words

Hepatocellular Carcinoma / Neoplasm Invasiveness / Portal Vein / Hepatic Veins / Precision Medicine

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陈荣晨,柳宗翰,程树群. 肝癌合并血管侵犯的治疗策略及研究进展[J]. 中国普通外科杂志, 2025, 34(07): 1331-1339 DOI:10.7659/j.issn.1005-6947.250368

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原发性肝癌是全球第六大常见恶性肿瘤,亦为癌症相关死亡的第三大原因。其中,肝细胞癌(hepatocellular carcinoma,HCC)为最主要亚型,占所有原发性肝癌病例的75%~85%[1]。尽管近年来在早期筛查、影像学诊断及系统治疗方面取得显著进展,但HCC整体预后仍不理想,主要归因于其显著的血管侵犯特性。血管侵犯在HCC中可表现为微血管侵犯(microvascular invasion,MVI)与大血管侵犯(macrovascular invasion,MaVI),均对治疗决策及预后产生深远影响。MVI为肝切除术后复发的独立危险因素[2-3],而门静脉癌栓(portal vein tumor thrombus,PVTT)、肝静脉癌栓(hepatic vein tumor thrombus,HVTT)、下腔静脉癌栓(inferior vena cava tumor thrombus,IVCTT)等大血管癌栓则代表HCC晚期阶段。研究[4]显示,PVTT患者未经治疗的中位生存期仅为2.7~4.0个月。
血管侵犯的类型与程度不仅反映HCC的疾病阶段,也直接影响预后与治疗策略。因此,精准评估血管侵犯并制订个体化方案已成为研究重点。本文将系统评述血管癌栓的诊断标准、术前预测方法及治疗进展,旨在明确研究方向,提升综合诊治水平。

1 HCC血管癌栓的诊断与分级

1.1 MVI的组织病理诊断与分级

MVI的诊断目前主要依赖术后组织病理学,且尚无统一的国际标准。不同医疗机构在标本取材、切片厚度及观察标准方面存在差异,导致MVI的检出率与判断标准呈高度异质性[5-6]。2012年之前,MVI缺乏明确定义,不同研究中报道的发生率差异显著。Rodríguez-Perálvarez等[7]通过系统性综述首次明确MVI定义为:在内皮细胞衬里的脉管(包括肝动脉、门静脉、肝静脉)内发现癌细胞巢。

2015年发布的《原发性肝癌病理诊断实践指南》[8]提出“七点基线取材法”(简称“七点法”),并建立了三级分级系统:M0(无MVI)、M1(≤5个灶,且分布于距肿瘤边缘≤1 cm)、M2(>5个灶或任一灶距肿瘤边缘>1 cm)。一项大型多中心研究[9]表明,“七点法”检出率高于传统“三点法”,MVI分级与术后3年复发率和总生存(overall survival,OS)率呈显著相关,有更高的预后预测价值。后续研究[10]将M2分级细化为M2a组(>5个灶,均距肿瘤≤1 cm)与M2b组(≥1个灶,距肿瘤>1 cm),其中M2b组的预后最差,其5年OS率低至18.9%,显著低于M0组(82.5%),该分级系统已被《原发性肝癌诊疗指南(2024年版)》[11]强烈推荐。

此外,本团队[12]新兴的全景数字化大体病理技术(image-matching digital macro-slide,IDS)通过整块组织切面结合数字扫描,实现MVI的三维精准定位,MVI检出率提升至63.7%。该技术显著减少传统方法中的假阴性风险,有望在未来通过人工智能(artificial intelligence,AI)整合后成为标准化病理评估工具。

1.2 MaVI的影像学诊断与分型

MaVI主要包括PVTT、HVTT与IVCTT,其中PVTT最常见,发病率高达44%~62%[13],相比之下,HVTT和IVCTT的发生率较低,仅为1.4%~4.9%[14]。MaVI的诊断通常在明确HCC的基础上,通过影像学进一步确认。增强CT与MRI是当前评估MaVI的主要影像学工具,其典型表现包括受累血管异常扩张,腔内可见软组织密度或信号影,动脉期呈现与原发肿瘤同步的强化特征,在门静脉期及延迟期持续表现为充盈缺损,提示癌栓的存在。在肝脏影像报告与数据系统(liver imaging reporting and data system,LI-RADS)[15]中,“LR-TIV”分类专门用于标识影像上可见的血管内肿瘤,在识别宏观血管侵犯方面具有极高的特异度(约99%),但敏感度相对较低(62%~64%)。

在分型上,国际学术界普遍采用日本肝癌研究小组提出的Vp分型[16]以及由中国学者提出的程氏分型[17]对PVTT进行分型。相较之下,程氏分型更适用于中国HCC患者,其已被纳入多部国内指南。在此基础上,刘程分期[18]进一步整合了肿瘤可切除性、患者体能状态、肝外转移情况等因素,提升了临床适用性与预后预测能力。在HVTT/IVCTT方面,目前多采用本团队提出三型分法[14]:Ⅰ型(肝静脉型)、Ⅱ型(膈下型)及Ⅲ型(膈上型),其中Ⅲ型进一步细化为Ⅲa型(癌栓越过膈肌)与Ⅲb型(癌栓进入右心房)。

尽管现有分型系统已较为成熟,但主要仍基于解剖参数,缺乏对分子标志物和肿瘤免疫微环境等生物特征的整合,限制了其在精准治疗决策中的应用潜力,未来可探索液体活检(如循环肿瘤DNA、外泌体)对术后复发风险的动态监测价值,实现个体化辅助治疗调整。

2 HCC血管癌栓的预测

MVI和MaVI在诊断手段上存在显著差异。MaVI多通过影像学确诊,而MVI仍依赖术后病理学检查。然而,术后诊断的滞后性使MVI难以在术前或术中指导治疗,因此,开发可靠的术前预测手段成为临床研究重点。与此同时,MaVI虽可在影像学上直接识别,但其发生往往提示肿瘤已进入进展期,对预后影响极大,因此对于MaVI的风险预测与早期识别同样具有重要意义。

2.1 影像组学(radiomics)预测

传统MVI预测方法以影像学特征为主,如肿瘤直径>5 cm、包膜不完整、边缘强化等,可通过CT/MRI评估,但主观依赖性强、中心间一致性差,限制了其广泛应用。大多数模型只能粗略区分M0与M1/M2,难以有效识别高风险M2患者[19-20]

影像组学技术利用高通量算法提取影像数据中的定量特征,结合AI与统计模型建立预测工具[21]。相比传统影像诊断,影像组学可挖掘深层次图像信息,增强对肿瘤生物学行为的识别能力。融合临床放射学特征的影像组学模型在MVI预测中表现优异。Xia等[22]开发的CT组学模型在内外部验证中曲线下面积(area under curve,AUC)分别达0.86与0.84,展现良好泛化性。多序列MRI模型的AUC可达0.81~0.92,特别是在分析瘤周区域与动态特征方面,具有显著优势[23-26]。尽管如此,影像组学仍面临如下挑战:(1) 标准化缺失:扫描参数与设备差异影响特征重现性;(2) 生物学机制不明确:部分特征缺乏病理学支持;(3) 泛化能力不足:绝大多数研究为单中心回顾性;(4) 应用效率受限:手动分割耗时,难以临床常规化。未来应推进图像采集与分析标准统一,开发深度学习自动分割工具,建设多中心前瞻性研究平台,以加速影像组学的临床转化。

2.2 生物标志物预测

甲胎蛋白与PIVKA-Ⅱ是临床常用的血清标志物,广泛用于HCC的诊断、分期及预后评估。研究[27-29]表明,这两项指标在MVI的预测中具有一定价值,尤其在术前评估中可作为简便、无创的辅助工具。然而,其预测性能仍存在局限,相关研究显示其AUC普遍低于0.80,难以满足临床对于高风险MVI患者精准识别的需求。

近年来,多种血清标志物被报道与MVI密切相关。Zhao等[30]总结了18种相关血清因子,其中circAKT3、microRNA-125b、STIP1、PIVKA-Ⅱ、DDR1、VEGF-A和S100P被认为具有潜在预测价值。研究进一步证实,VEGF-A在MVI的预测中表现出较高的效能。Wang等[31]报道,不同MVI分级(M0、M1、M2)组的血清VEGF-A浓度分别为86.52、167.60和258.33 pg/mL(P<0.05),呈显著升高趋势,提示VEGF-A水平可能与MVI程度正相关。这或与VEGF-A增强血管生成能力、促进肿瘤细胞血管内浸润有关。然而,单一标志物在敏感度和特异度方面仍有限。目前的研究趋势是整合多种血清因子与影像组学特征[32],构建影像-基因组融合模型,以提高术前MVI预测的准确性与实用性。

2.3 MaVI的预测

MaVI显著影响HCC患者的预后,早期预测有助于高风险人群的监测与干预,具有重要临床价值。目前研究多聚焦于初诊时无血管侵犯的HCC患者,以评估其后续发生MaVI的风险。Fu等[33]基于多任务深度学习构建的ModelCR-DR模型,融合临床、放射学与影像组学特征,在训练集与验证集中分别取得AUC 0.877和0.836,表现出良好预测性能。Wei等[34]构建的临床-影像组学集成模型在多中心队列中表现优异,队列训练集与验证集队列AUC分别为0.986和0.979,并识别出关键特征Peel9_fos_InterquartileRange,有效实现MaVI风险分层与预后评估。

然而,当前MaVI预测模型仍存在局限。多数研究为回顾性设计,样本量有限,存在选择偏倚风险;模型对成像质量、扫描协议及分割方法较为敏感,影响其推广性。总体而言,MaVI预测模型在高危HCC人群的早期识别中展现出良好应用前景,但仍需进一步优化以推动临床转化。

3 HCC合并MVI的治疗策略

3.1 手术策略优化

手术仍是MVI阳性患者获得长期生存的首选方案,只要患者具备良好的肝功能储备且病灶可完整切除。研究显示,解剖性切除相较于非解剖性切除,可显著改善MVI阳性患者的5年OS率与无病生存期(disease-free survival,DFS)[35-36],其优势在于更有效清除沿门静脉系统潜在的微转移灶。切缘宽度同样对预后具有重要影响,研究[35]显示,宽切缘组(切缘宽度≥1 cm)的5年DFS率为33.3%,高于窄切缘组(切缘<1 cm)的24.6%,且并未增加术后并发症发生率。进一步的分析显示,非解剖性切除联合宽切缘在OS和复发时间(time to recurrence,TTR)方面优于解剖性切除联合窄切缘[35]。因此对于术前预测为MVI阳性的患者,应尽量在手术中实现解剖性切除与足够的切缘;若两者无法兼顾,适当保障切缘宽度可能更为重要。当前手术策略正在由传统解剖路径逐步转向基于癌栓空间分布的“精准切除”模式,通过术前MVI风险评估与三维重建规划,实现更个体化的术式选择。

微创手术(腹腔镜/机器人辅助)已在MVI患者中获得广泛应用。与开腹手术相比,微创方式具有创伤小、恢复快、并发症发生率低等优势。研究[37-38]表明,在确保R0切除前提下,微创手术与传统开腹术在MVI阳性患者的OS与DFS方面无显著差异。术中应用ICG荧光导航、术前三维重建与术后精准评估等技术手段,进一步提升手术质量与安全性。尽管初步结果积极,但现有证据多来自回顾性研究,仍需高质量随机对照试验(randomized controlled trial,RCT)进一步验证。

3.2 新辅助治疗

术前新辅助治疗的目标在于降低术后复发率与改善远期生存。肝动脉化疗栓塞(transcatheter arterial chemoembolization,TACE)作为主要的新辅助手段,其在MVI阳性患者中的效果尚存争议。部分研究[39]显示,TACE可缩小病灶、改善组织学反应,降低MVI发生率与早期复发风险。然而,也有研究指出,TACE未能显著改变MVI检出率[40],甚至可能导致部分患者预后不良[41]。其疗效差异可能与患者选择标准、肿瘤生物学特征等因素相关,提示有必要结合生物标志物进行精准分层。新辅助放疗[42]在小肿瘤患者中显示出较高缓解率,毒性可控,但其未能显著延长OS或DFS,未来尚需更多验证。

总体来看,当前新辅助治疗在HCC合并MVI患者中的适用性尚不明确,现有证据不足以支持其常规应用。未来应开展多中心、前瞻性RCT明确其疗效与适应证。

3.3 术后辅助治疗

3.3.1 局部治疗

术后TACE作为MVI阳性患者的标准辅助治疗方案,已被多项研究证实可降低复发率并延长生存[43-46]。其毒性反应总体可控,但在MVI阴性患者中可能无效甚至有害,提示需精准分层[47]。与TACE相比,术后肝动脉灌注化疗(hepatic artery infusion chemotherapy,HAIC)显示出更显著的生存获益。研究表明,HAIC在MVI阳性患者中的无复发生存期(recurrence-free survival,RFS)与OS优于TACE组[48],特别是在联合FOLFOX方案下可进一步提升疗效。目前已有Ⅲ期RCT[49]验证其有效性,预计将成为未来重要辅助治疗选项。多项研究[50-52]表明,术后辅助性放疗可在一定程度上改善MVI阳性患者的预后,延长OS、DFS和RFS,并降低复发风险,显示出良好的应用前景。

3.3.2 系统性治疗

靶向治疗与免疫治疗的联合策略已成为HCC系统治疗的新范式。在STORM研究[53]中,索拉非尼单药未显示明显辅助获益;但在特定人群(如MVI阳性患者)中仍可能提供生存优势[54-55]。小样本研究[56]显示,仑伐替尼同样有望延长MVI阳性患者的远期生存。免疫治疗方面,本团队开展的信迪利单抗Ⅱ期RCT[57]显示,中位DFS从15.5个月延长至27.7个月,高危MVI患者获益尤为显著,且经济负担减少近40%。IMbrave050研究[58]初步结果乐观,虽然已被纳入多部指南,但随访更新后未能维持显著RFS差异,提示其长期获益尚待观察。术后联合局部与系统治疗相比单一治疗手段可能具有更大优势。然而,目前相关证据主要来自回顾性研究,质量有限,尚缺乏高质量的前瞻性研究支持,亟须进一步验证。

总体而言,未来研究应聚焦高危MVI(如M2b)人群,优化治疗组合与时机,推动精准辅助治疗发展。

4 HCC合并PVTT的治疗选择

PVTT是HCC中最常见的大血管侵犯类型,其存在显著影响治疗决策与预后。因此,本文关于MaVI治疗的讨论将主要聚焦于PVTT。多数PVTT患者在初诊时已属中晚期,手术机会有限,因此制定精准的分期与转化治疗策略尤为关键。

4.1 PVTT分期与治疗决策

刘程分期系统[18]在程氏分型[17]基础上进一步整合肿瘤可切除性、肝外转移状态与患者体能评分,成为当前指导PVTT患者个体化治疗的重要工具(表1)。该分期体系体现了从“以解剖学为中心”向“多因素驱动”的治疗思路转变,为精准治疗提供了科学基础。

4.2 转化治疗策略

转化治疗旨在通过综合手段将初始不可切除的HCC降期为可手术状态。对于PVTT患者,这一策略具有重要临床价值。

放化疗是传统转化手段之一。Chong等[59]研究显示,局部同步放化疗可使PVTT患者的客观缓解率(objective response rate,ORR)达62%,其中PVTT直径≤3 cm者完全缓解率显著升高,约6.8%患者最终接受了根治性肝切除术。本研究团队的一项RCT[60]显示,新辅助三维适形放疗的ORR为20.7%,其中约70.7%病灶稳定,20.7%达部分缓解,并有显著PVTT降级趋势。该疗法为进一步手术创造条件。靶向联合免疫治疗现已成为HCC综合治疗的重要策略,具有广阔的应用前景,为患者提供了更多治疗选择。靶向治疗(如仑伐替尼)、免疫治疗(PD-1抗体)与TACE的联合方案在转化治疗中表现出显著优势。一项多中心研究[61]纳入106例高肿瘤负荷或PVTT患者,结果显示ORR达69.8%,2年OS率为54.9%,其中超过30%患者成功转化并接受手术,且3/4级不良事件发生率控制在20.8%以内。

然而,目前研究多聚焦于程氏分型Ⅰ~Ⅲ型PVTT,Ⅳ型患者的疗效仍不尽如人意,显示其在临床管理中仍属显著的未满足人群。

4.3 术后辅助治疗

PVTT术后复发率高,辅助治疗的目标在于延长RFS与OS,尤其针对PVTT分期较高的患者。系统治疗方面,免疫检查点抑制剂(immune checkpoint inhibitor,ICI)和分子靶向药物在降低复发风险、延长生存方面展现潜力[62-63]。研究显示,该组合对PVTT分期较低者尤为有效,且毒性可控。局部治疗方面,TACE作为传统手段,单独应用难以防止远期复发,效果受限[64]。相比之下,TACE联合其他策略具有协同效应。研究[65]显示,TACE联合免疫治疗的报告中位OS高达24.5个月,优于单一治疗。放疗方面,术后调强适形放疗在局部控制中发挥关键作用,研究证实其可改善RFS与OS,且未观察到典型放射性肝病的发生,显示良好安全性[66]

综上,术后辅助治疗应根据PVTT分型与患者状态制定,联合治疗策略优于单一手段,未来需要更多前瞻性研究验证疗效。

5 小结与展望

HCC合并血管癌栓是决定患者预后与治疗策略的关键因素,涵盖MVI与MaVI,其MaVI中尤以PVTT最为常见。近年来,随着病理取材标准化、影像组学与生物标志物技术的进步,以及手术与系统治疗策略的持续优化,HCC合并血管癌栓的综合诊疗水平显著提升。尽管取得显著进展,HCC合并血管癌栓的管理仍面临三大核心挑战:(1) 生物学异质性:现有分期系统尚未纳入驱动基因、免疫微环境等分子特征;(2) 动态监测缺失:复发风险评估仍以静态指标为主,缺乏术后连续风险追踪工具;(3) 治疗瓶颈突出:高危MVI(如M2b级)与晚期PVTT(如程氏分型Ⅳ型)患者生存获益有限。未来研究应围绕多模态数据整合、术后个体化监测与联合治疗策略优化开展,推动精准医学在该领域的深度应用,为HCC高危人群提供更具前瞻性的治疗解决方案。

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基金资助

中国国家重点研究开发基金资助项目(2022YFC2503700)

上海市重中之重临床医学中心建设基金资助项目(2023ZZ02005)

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