肝细胞癌术后辅助治疗专家共识(2026版)
肝癌术后辅助治疗中国专家共识协作组 , 中国医师协会外科医师分会 , 中国抗癌协会肝癌专业委员会 , 中华医学会肿瘤学分会肝癌学组
中国普通外科杂志 ›› 2026, Vol. 35 ›› Issue (01) : 1 -20.
肝细胞癌术后辅助治疗专家共识(2026版)
Expert consensus on postoperative adjuvant therapy for hepatocellular carcinoma (2026 edition)
肝细胞癌(以下简称肝癌)术后复发转移是影响患者长期生存的重要因素,目前尚无公认的有效预防术后复发转移的辅助治疗方案。以靶向药物、免疫检查点抑制剂为代表的系统抗肿瘤治疗和局部治疗单独或联合应用的辅助治疗策略正在积极探索中。肝癌术后辅助治疗中国专家共识协作组、中国医师协会外科医师分会、中国抗癌协会肝癌专业委员会、中华医学会肿瘤学分会肝癌学组组织相关领域专家,基于新的循证医学证据,经过多次讨论、反复修订,最终更新形成《肝细胞癌术后辅助治疗专家共识(2026版)》,旨在梳理肝癌术后辅助治疗相关证据,结合临床实践,为临床医师开展术后辅助治疗提供更好指导,提高肝癌患者术后生存获益。
Recurrence and metastasis after surgery remain major determinants of long-term survival in patients with hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC), and to date, no universally accepted postoperative adjuvant therapy has been established to effectively prevent recurrence. In recent years, postoperative adjuvant strategies involving systemic antitumor therapies—represented by targeted agents and immune checkpoint inhibitors—used alone or in combination with locoregional therapies have been actively explored. The Alliance of Chinese Expert Consensus on Postoperative Adjuvant Therapy for Hepatocellular Carcinoma, together with the Chinese College of Surgeons, the Committee of Liver Cancer of the Chinese Anti-Cancer Association, and the Liver Cancer Group of the Society of Oncology of the Chinese Medical Association, convened experts from relevant disciplines to review and synthesize updated evidence. Through multiple rounds of discussion and revision, the Expert consensus on postoperative adjuvant therapy for hepatocellular carcinoma (2026 edition) was formulated. This consensus aims to systematically summarize the available evidence on postoperative adjuvant therapy for HCC, integrate current clinical practice, and provide practical guidance for clinicians, with the goal of improving postoperative survival outcomes in patients with HCC.
推荐意见1:肝癌术后辅助治疗是指肝癌根治性治疗后为预防肿瘤复发而采取的治疗措施,以延长患者无瘤生存时间(证据等级1,推荐意见A级)。
推荐意见2:肝癌根治性切除术后复发包括早期复发和晚期复发,术后≤2年复发属于早期复发,>2年复发为晚期复发。肿瘤破裂、肿瘤多发、肿瘤最大径>5 cm、Edmondson Ⅲ~Ⅳ级、微血管或大血管侵犯、淋巴结转移、术后AFP和(或)DCP持续异常等与早期复发有关;慢性病毒性肝炎活动期、HBsAg阳性、肝硬化程度等与晚期复发相关(证据等级1,推荐意见A级)。
推荐意见3:针对肝癌术后复发中高危人群,建议进行术后辅助治疗,如患者合并肿瘤破裂、肿瘤多发、肿瘤最大径>5 cm、Edmondson Ⅲ~Ⅳ级、微血管或大血管侵犯、淋巴结转移、AFP和(或)DCP持续异常等≥1项复发危险因素,且肝功能恢复良好,建议根据患者实际情况尽早启用合适的术后辅助治疗(证据等级1,推荐意见A级)。
推荐意见4:针对有乙肝背景的肝癌患者,术后需要继续行抗病毒治疗,针对丙肝活动期患者需要进行规范性治疗(证据等级1,推荐意见A级)。针对存在中高危复发因素患者,系统性抗肿瘤治疗疗程通常为6~12个月。治疗期间建议至少每3个月随访肝肾功能、肿瘤标志物等实验室指标,以及超声与增强CT或MRI等影像学检查。酌情行肺部CT平扫、骨骼放射性核素CT扫描、头颅MRI或CT、全身PET/CT扫描检查,以明确是否存在肝外转移(证据等级2,推荐意见A级)。
推荐意见5:在肝癌术后靶向药物和免疫检查点抑制剂辅助治疗方面,现有的研究证据显示,靶向药物、免疫检查点抑制剂单药或联合应用,有望改善合并高危复发因素肝癌患者的预后,但仍需持续开展更多高级别循证医学证据的临床研究进一步探索和证实(证据等级3,推荐意见B级)。
推荐意见7:肝癌根治性手术后使用槐耳颗粒等现代中药制剂有助于抑制肝癌复发,延长患者OS(证据等级1,推荐意见A级)。
推荐意见8:病毒性肝炎相关肝癌患者行根治性手术后使用α-干扰素有助于抑制肝癌复发、延长患者OS(证据等级1,推荐意见B级)。
推荐意见9:术后辅助性 TACE治疗可以改善合并高危复发因素患者的RFS、OS(证据等级1,推荐意见A级)。
推荐意见10:对于合并微血管侵犯患者,术后采用FOLFOX方案的HAIC治疗能够改善患者的RFS(证据等级1,推荐意见B级)。
推荐意见11:对于术后窄切缘(切缘≤1 cm)患者,术后调强放射治疗可以延长患者DFS和OS(证据等级1,推荐意见B级);对于术后组织病理学检查结果示微血管侵犯阳性患者,术后调强放射治疗可以延长患者DFS(证据等级1,推荐意见B级);对于合并门静脉癌栓患者,术后调强放射治疗可以延长患者DFS和 OS(证据等级1,推荐意见B级)。对于术后仅单纯窄切缘,无其他高危复发因素的早期肝癌患者,可考虑行术后放射治疗,以降低术后复发风险(证据等级2,推荐意见B级)。
推荐意见12:HBV相关肝癌患者根治性手术后使用核苷类似物抗病毒治疗,可以抑制肝癌复发,延长患者OS(证据等级1,推荐意见A级)。HCV相关肝癌患者术后使用DAA治疗是否可以有效预防肝癌复发仍需要高级别循证医学证据证实(证据等级3,推荐意见C级)。
推荐意见13:肝癌肝移植术后建议减少、早期撤除或不用激素,降低钙调磷酸酶抑制剂的用量,使用mTOR抑制剂为主的免疫抑制方案,有助于减少肝癌肝移植术后肿瘤复发率,延长患者OS(证据等级3,推荐意见A级)。
推荐意见14:合并HBV感染的肝癌肝移植受者,术后需终身使用强效高耐药屏障核苷(酸)类似物以维持HBV DNA持续阴性;对于HCV复发的肝癌肝移植受者,若无禁忌证可尽早行DAA治疗,以降低病毒再激活导致的肝癌复发风险(证据等级2,推荐意见A级)。
推荐意见15:术后早期强化监测可改善肝癌肝移植受者预后,包括建立多学科协作的全程管理团队,规范术后监测与早期复发诊断,制订个体化随访与健康教育计划(证据等级2,推荐意见A级)。
推荐意见16:在肝癌消融术后行靶向药物和免疫检查点抑制剂辅助治疗方面,目前尚无高级别循证医学证据支持的推荐方案;现有的证据显示,靶向药物或免疫检查点抑制剂单药或联合应用,可能改善合并高危复发因素患者的预后,但需开展高级别循证医学证据临床研究进一步证实(证据等级3,推荐意见B级)。
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