Spatial structure units of Pinus sylvestris plantations stands were established using Voronoi diagram and n=4 methods, with subsequent comparision of their colculated stand spatial structure parameters. Both methods were employed to calculate the comprehensive index (Q) of single-tree spatial structure, enabling forest stand optimization and comparison. The goal was to evaluate the advantages of the Voronoi diagram method in calculating forest structure parameters and optimizing stand structure in Pinus sylvestris plantations. Fixed plots of 22-, 31-, and 43-year-old Pinus sylvestris plantations in Mengjiagang Forest Farm, Jiamusi City, Heilongjiang Province, were selected for this study. Forest spatial structure units were determined using both the Voronoi method and the n=4 method. For each sample plot, the size ratio (U), angular scale (W), competition index (CI), and openness (K) were calculated. A significance test was conducted to assess the differences between the results obtained from the two methods. Based on these parameters, a comprehensive index (Q) of individual tree spatial structure was constructed to guide stand thinning and simulate the effects of stand spatial structure optimization under different thinning intensities (10%, 20%, and 30%).The results revealed significant differences between the Voronoi method and the n=4 method in calculating W, CI, and K for Pinus sylvestris plantations(P<0.01). Using the Q values derived from the Voronoi method, thinning was conducted at intensities of 10%, 20%, and 30%. After thinning, the average DBH of the stand increased by 0.27 cm, 1.03 cm, and 1.47 cm, respectively. Concurrently, U decreased by 7.17%, 24.80%, and 38.93%; W decreased by 27.98%, 55.65%, and 69.35%; CI decreased by 19.62%, 35.74%, and 47.78%; and K increased by 6.37%, 16.67%, and 28.92%. The Q value increased by 84.91%, 248.12%, and 530.87%, respectively. The simulated changes under the three thinning intensities demonstrated significant improvements in stand parameters and overall spatial structure optimization, with the most pronounced effects observed at the 30% thinning intensity. The Voronoi method is an effective approach for constructing forest spatial units, calculating stand spatial structure parameters, and optimizing stand structure in Pinus sylvestris plantations. This method provides a robust framework for enhancing forest management practices and achieving sustainable stand optimization.
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