1.Key Laboratory of Sustainable Forest Ecosystem Management,Ministry of Education,College of Forestry,Northeast Forestry University,Harbin 150040,China
2.Heilongjiang Academy of Forestry,Harbin 150081,China
3.College of Geographical Science,Harbin Normal University,Harbin 150025,China
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文章历史+
Received
Published
2025-04-10
2025-09-15
Issue Date
2025-10-30
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摘要
基于中分辨率成像光谱仪(moderate resolution imaging spectroradiometer,MODIS)的MOD17A3GF数据集估算东北地区森林净生态系统生产力(net ecosystem productivity,NEP),旨在探究其与极端气候事件之间的时空耦合关系。通过整合气温、降水数据及RClimDex计算的极端气候指数,分析2000—2020年NEP与10个气候因子的时空变化特征,并采用地理探测器从因子探测与交互探测2个维度评估各气候因子对NEP的影响力。结果表明,1)在过去21 a中,东北地区森林的年平均NEP呈现出缓慢但持续上升的趋势。2000—2010年的年均NEP增加了30.94 g C/(m2·a),2010—2020年的增幅变缓,仅为9.16 g C/(m2·a)。空间上主要增长区域集中在大、小兴安岭;2)极端气候事件呈现出“冷事件减少、暖事件增加、湿润增强”的趋势,具体表现为冷持续指数(cold persistence index,CSDI)减少、暖持续指数(warm persistence index,WSDI)上升,年降水量显著增加,持续干旱日数(continuous dryness index,CDD)减少,部分区域干旱程度有所缓解;3)年均温、年降水量与霜冻日数为NEP空间分布的主导因子(q > 0.2),其次为持续干旱日数、持续湿润指数与暖持续指数,气温日较差与强降水日数解释力较弱。任意2种气候因子的交互作用对NEP的解释力普遍强于单因子作用,年降水量与霜冻日数、年降水量与年均温、年降水量与暖持续指数之间的交互作用在多数年份中均表现出较高的q。研究结果揭示近21 a东北森林NEP对气候(尤其是极端气候)的响应,强调气候变化背景下评估极端气候与森林碳源汇耦合效应的重要性,为东北地区森林生态系统碳收支调控与气候适应性管理提供技术支撑。
Abstract
This study estimated the net ecosystem productivity (NEP) of forests in Northeast China based on the MODIS MOD17A3GF dataset, aiming to explore the spatiotemporal coupling relationship between NEP and extreme climate events. By integrating temperature and precipitation data and the extreme climate index calculated by RClimDex, the spatiotemporal variation characteristics of NEP and ten climate factors from 2000 to 2020 were analyzed, and the influence of each climate factor on NEP was evaluated using GeoDetector from two dimensions: factor detection and interaction detection. The results showed that: 1) In the past 21 years, the annual average NEP of forests in Northeast China had shown a slow but continuous upward trend. From 2000 to 2010, the annual average NEP increased by 30.94 gC·m-2·year-1, and the increase slowed down from 2010 to 2020, reaching only 9.16 gC·m-2·year-1. Spatially, the main growth areas were concentrated in the Greater and Lesser Khingan Mountains. 2) Extreme climate events showed a trend of ‘less cold events, more warm events, and more humid events’, which was specifically manifested in the decrease of the cold persistence index (CSDI), the increase of the warm persistence index (WSDI), the significant increase of annual precipitation, the decrease of the number of continuous dryness index (CDD), and the alleviation of drought in some regions. 3) The annual average temperature, annual precipitation and the number of frost days were the dominant factors of the spatial distribution of NEP (q>0.2), followed by the continuous dryness index, continuous wet days and the warm persistence index. The daily temperature difference and the number of heavy precipitation days had weaker explanatory power. The interaction of any two climate factors generally had a stronger explanatory power on NEP than the single factor effect. The interaction between annual precipitation and the number of frost days, annual precipitation and annual average temperature, and annual precipitation and the warm persistence index showed high q values in most years. This study reveals the response of forest NEP in Northeast China to climate (especially extreme climate), emphasizes the importance of evaluating the coupling effects of extreme climate and forest NEP under the context of climate change, and provides a theoretical support for carbon budget regulation and climate adaptation management of forest ecosystems in Northeast China.
植被作为生物圈中重要的要素,通过光合作用、呼吸作用等过程进行着吸收与固定碳,构成了最重要的天然碳汇[1]。森林生态系统作为陆地生态系统的核心部分,在全球碳循环中发挥着不可替代的作用,其碳储存能力极为突出,承载的碳储量占全球陆地碳总储量的80%以上,在调节大气二氧化碳浓度方面具有重要意义[2-3]。由大气CO2浓度升高引起的全球变暖降低了生态系统服务和生物多样性,从而影响了人类生活和生态健康[4-6]。政府间气候变化专门委员会(Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change,IPCC)气候变化研究报告指明,从20世纪80年代起“全球变暖”已经成为最重要的气候大背景[7],极大地影响区域水热结构,从而导致极端气候事件发生的频率和强度增强[8]。极端气候事件通常具有突发性强、难以准确预测的特点,易引发区域性气象灾害甚至地质灾害,对生态环境和社会经济体系造成长期而深远的影响[9]。东北地区是我国最为典型的极端气候事件的敏感区与脆弱区,生态系统的可持续发展和社会经济的发展受到了严重的影响。研究表明,旱涝灾害已经成为了东北地区的常态性气象灾害,仅在2018年,东北三省地区的作物因受灾造成绝收的面积就高达68.8万hm²[10]。与此同时,在全球气候变暖的大环境背景下,东北地区珍贵的湿地与冻土开始退化,且森林生态系统也因为各种极端气候事件受到了不同程度的影响,面临着巨大的威胁[11-12]。因此探究东北地区极端气候的时间演变与其对森林生态系统的影响尤为重要。加强森林经营管理,及时应对各种极端气候事件,保护好现有森林资源,进而促进森林生态系统碳吸收与贮存,是增加森林碳汇的重要途径[13]。加速发展森林碳汇是生态文明建设的要求,更是应对全球气候变化的重要方法。
由图2(a)可知,不同省份的年均NEP变化表现出一定的区域差异。其中,吉林省的森林NEP值最高,年均为389.8 g C/(m2·a),森林生态系统的碳汇能力较强,但呈现出一定的下降趋势。相比之下,内蒙古东部的森林NEP最低,年均为287.3 g C/(m2·a),是碳汇能力较弱的地区。辽宁省的森林NEP波动性较大,也呈现出一定的下降趋势,黑龙江省的森林NEP呈现缓慢的增加趋势,且与东北地区的森林NEP增加趋势相似。
由图2(b)可知,2000、2010、2020年的NEP均值分别为257.25、288.19、297.35 g C/(m2·a)。与2000年的基准年相比,2010年和2020年的东北森林NEP有一定程度增长,表明森林生态系统的碳吸收能力有所增强。2000—2010年,年均NEP增加30.94 g C/(m2·a),而2010—2020年NEP的增幅变缓,仅为9.16 g C/(m2·a)。
2000—2020年东北地区森林生态系统的NEP呈现上升的趋势,表明研究区的碳汇作用越来越显著,东北地区森林生态系统的碳循环得到有效改善,与之前的研究一致[31-32]。整体来看,森林NEP的最高值主要集中在东北地区的东南部,特别是长白山山脉地区。具体来看,2000、2010和2020年东北地区森林NEP的均值逐渐上升,分别为257.25、288.19、297.35 g C/(m2·a),显示出东北森林生态系统碳汇能力的持续增强,与之前周美琦等[33]的研究结果一致。本研究进一步指出,该地区森林NEP虽然呈现增加趋势,但是仍面临着较大的挑战。这种向好态势一方面与该地区的生态保护措施密切相关,对当地生态环境的改善具有重要意义。但由于东北地区是中国最为典型的极端气候事件的敏感区与脆弱区之一,东北地区极端气候事件频发,给森林生态系统带来了较大的挑战,加之大部分森林趋于成熟,因此近十年(2010—2020)东北森林生态系统碳汇能力的增加明显放缓。
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