1.College of Forestry,Northeast Forestry University,Harbin 150040,China
2.Key Laboratory of Sustainable Forest Ecosystem Management (Northeast Forestry University),Ministry of Education,Harbin 150040,China
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Published
2025-02-04
2025-09-15
Issue Date
2025-10-30
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摘要
定量评价黑龙江省黑河市森林生态系统长时间序列固碳能力,分析森林火干扰对碳汇动态影响,为国家“双碳”目标提供参考数据。依据2005、2010、2015年黑河市1 649个森林样地动态监测数据,结合加拿大森林碳收支模型(carbon budget model of the canadion forest sector model,CBM-CFS3),在对模型参数本土化改进的基础上评估2005、2010、2015年黑河市森林生态系统多层次(地上、地下、枯落物、枯死木及土壤碳库)碳储量及碳汇能力,并分析火干扰影响。结果表明,2005、2010、2015年,黑河森林总生态系统碳密度从207.15 t C/hm2增至218.63 t C/hm2,碳汇量达531.54 t C。火灾发生频次逐年下降,含碳气体排放量2015年较2005年同比下降60.3%。以2005年因碳干扰情况为例,轻微火干扰在一定程度上提升森林生态系统固碳能力,而中度和严重火干扰分别使固碳速率下降23.9%和38.0%。此阶段,森林生态系统在碳固持方面具有积极作用,加强火灾监测和防控可有效提升固碳能力,保障区域生态环境的稳定与可持续发展。
Abstract
Quantitative assessment of long-term carbon sequestration capacity in the forest ecosystem of Heihe City, Heilongjiang Province, analyzing forest fire disturbances impacts on carbon sink dynamics to inform China’s ‘Dual Carbon’ goals. Based on dynamic monitoring data (2005, 2010, 2015) from 1 649 forest sample plots in Heihe City, combined with the Canadian Carbon Budget Model (CBM-CFS3) the carbon storage and carbon sink capacity of the forest ecosystem across multiple levels (aboveground, belowground, litter, deadwood, and soil carbon pools) during 2005, 2010, 2015 were evaluated on the basis of localized improvement of model parameters, and the impact of fire disturbances was also analyzed. Results indicated that across the measurement year (2005, 2010, 2015), the total ecosystem carbon density of Heihe's forests increased from 207.15 t C/hm2 to 218.63 t C/hm2, with a carbon sink of 531.54 t C. The frequency of forest fires decreased annually, and carbon-containing gas emissions in 2015 dropped by 60.3% compared to 2005. Using 2005 carbon sequestration patterns under fire disturbance as the baseline scenario, low-intensity fire disturbances slightly enhanced the carbon sequestration capacity of the forest ecosystem, while moderate and severe fire disturbances reduced the carbon sequestration rate by 23.9% and 38.0%, respectively. The forest ecosystem played a positive role in carbon sequestration during this period. Strengthening fire monitoring and prevention can effectively enhance carbon sequestration capacity, ensuring the stability and sustainable development of the regional ecological environment.
本研究采用加拿大林业碳收支模型(carbon budget model of the canadian forest sector model,CBM-CFS3),该模型基于样地调查数据,满足联合国气候变化框架公约》(UNFCCC)和《京都议定书》中的条例和要求,满足IPCC温室气体第3层次计量方法的要求,是IPCC推荐采用的碳计量模型。其可以直接获取森林生态系统各组分的详细信息,避免了遥感估算法中因遥感数据分辨率和精度限制以及模型模拟法中因模型参数不确定性带来的误差,使评价结果更具代表性和普遍性,同时模型需要参数较少,操作简便,能满足不同尺度森林生态系统碳汇计量需要。该模型可以设置火烧强度、火烧面积等,可以根据样地实际情况修改干扰矩阵,更准确模拟不同火干扰情景下森林生态系统的碳循环过程。
为进一步验证模型精度,采用残差偏差(residual deviance,RD)和赤池信息准则(akaike information criterion,AIC)作为评价指标,其数值越小,则模型拟合效果越佳。由表7—表9可知,所有方程的决定系数R2均在0.702以上(P<0.05),均达到显著水平,对数据的拟合较好,一定程度上能够解释生物量比例的变化情况,但不同林分类型的生物量比例参数有较大差异,如针叶林、阔叶林和混交林的参数差异明显;同一林分类型下,各组分生物量所占比例也有所不同,如杨树林树叶生物量比例参数与其他部位差异较大,说明杨树林树叶生物量的影响因素与树皮、树枝不同。
2.3 森林生态系统总碳储量与碳密度
综合各年份不同森林生态系统碳密度见表10,由表10可知,杨树林总生态系统碳密度相对较小,2010年达到最大值,为150.84 t C/hm²,是同年针阔混交林总生态系统碳密度的0.53倍,与同年其他阔叶林种总生态系统碳密度而言,存在明显差距,远低于其他阔叶林种。针叶林的碳密度相对较高。
2005、2010、2015年森林植被不断增长,树木胸径和树高增加,生物量持续积累,并且火干扰强度和频次都在减少,研究期间可能加强了森林保护措施,为林分生长创造了有利的条件,因此黑河市森林生态系统碳储量逐年增长,呈现出碳汇。2005年研究区森林生物量碳储量为6 748.80 t C,2010年为6 911.84 t C,2015年为7 280.34 t C,碳汇量为531.54 t C,固碳速率为1.148 t C/a。各碳库的碳密度由大到小排序(除柞树林外)呈现出树干、树枝、树根、树叶的特征,这和付甜[23]、章敏等[24]的研究结果一致。而杨树林碳密度偏低,其原因可能是:杨树生长快,叶片更新频繁,可能导致地上部分碳不断被分解,难以长期固存[25]。调查样地的杨树林平均年龄35岁,碳储量密度还没有达到峰值;杨树林样本数较少,2005年有19块样地,其中受到火灾干扰的占52.6%,而杨树树皮薄,抗火性弱,受到火灾干扰影响较大。不同林分类型的碳密度不同,正如和娴越等[26]探讨中亚热带地区典型森林生态系统的水源涵养能力,不同植被类型对水文调节功能不同。
蔡慧颖[27]对小兴安岭森林碳储量的研究指出,白桦林和落叶松人工林的碳密度分别为287.53 t C/hm2和222.06 t C/hm2。肖湘等[28]对小兴安岭北部地区森林生态系统的研究指出,该区域碳密度主要集中在250~300 t C/hm2,和本研究的研究结果相接近。使用CBM-CFS3模型估测黑河市森林生态系统碳密度较为科学合理。
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