College of Mechanical and Electrical Engineering,Northeast Forestry University,Harbin 150040,China
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文章历史+
Received
Accepted
Published
2025-05-07
Issue Date
2026-05-13
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摘要
树高是评估森林碳储量的关键参数,星载激光雷达技术为其大范围监测提供了有效手段。搭载先进地形激光测高系统(advanced topographic laser altimeter system,ATLAS)的新一代冰、云和陆地高程卫星(cloud and land elevation satellite-2,ICESat-2)——ICESat-2/ATLAS在接收信号的过程中会产生大量噪声,且地形是影响去噪结果的关键因素,针对这一问题,提出一种地面坡度自适应密度聚类去噪算法完成光子云数据精去噪,运用迭代式中值滤波与动态残差阈值法进行光子云分类,进而提取树高。以机载激光雷达数据获取的冠层高度模型(canopy height model,CHM)作为验证数据,从强弱波束、坡度、植被覆盖度3个方面对ICESat-2/ATLAS全球地理定位光子数据(global geolocated photon data,ATL03)提取树高的可靠性进行分析评价。研究结果表明,1)提出的去噪算法的召回率(R)、准确率(P)以及调和平均值(F)均优于差分渐进高斯自适应去噪算法(Differential regressive and gaussian adaptive nearest neighbor,DRAGANN)。2)夜间强波束数据提取树高的精度最佳,平均绝对误差(mean absolute error,MAE)为2.49 m,均方根误差(root mean square error,RMSE)为3.03 m)。3)随着坡度增加,树高的提取精度逐渐降低,RMSE由2.25 m增大到6.52 m。4)随着植被覆盖度的增加,树高提取精度逐渐降低,RMSE由3.06 m增大到4.53 m。结果表明运用ATL03光子云数据提取树高具有可行性,能够为研究林区的森林生长状况提供有效数据支撑。
Abstract
Tree height is a key parameter for assessing forest carbon storage, and satellite-borne laser radar technology provides an effective means for large-scale monitoring. The new generation of ice, cloud and land elevation satellite-2 (ICESat-2) equipped with the advanced topographic laser altimeter system (ATLAS) generates a lot of noise in the process of receiving signals, and the terrain is a key factor affecting the denoising results. To address this problem, a ground slope adaptive density clustering denoising algorithm is proposed to complete the photon cloud data denoising. Iterative median filtering and dynamic residual threshold method are used to classify photon clouds and then extract tree height. The canopy height model (CHM) obtained from airborne laser radar data is used as verification data. The reliability of extracting tree height from ICESat-2/ATLAS global geolocated photon data (ATL03) is analyzed and evaluated from three aspects: strong and weak beams, slope, and vegetation coverage. The results show that, 1) The recall rate (R), precision rate (P) and harmonic mean (F) of the proposed denoising algorithm are better than those of the differential progressive gaussian adaptive denoising algorithm (DRAGANN). 2) The accuracy of extracting tree height from nighttime strong beam data is the best, with a mean absolute error (MAE) of 2.49 m and a root mean square error (RMSE) of 3.03 m. 3) As the slope increases, the accuracy of tree height extraction gradually decreases, and the RMSE increases from 2.25 m to 6.52 m. 4) As the vegetation coverage increases, the accuracy of tree height extraction gradually decreases, and the RMSE increases from 3.06 m to 4.53 m. The results show that it is feasible to extract tree height using ATL03 photon cloud data, which can provide effective data support for studying forest growth conditions in forest areas.
森林是陆地生态系统中重要组成部分,具备碳汇功能,可缓解气候变化,应对全球变暖带来的一系列相关问题[1]。树高是森林垂直结构参数的重要组成部分,在森林碳储量估算中起着不可或缺的作用[2]。搭载先进地形激光测高系统(advanced topographic laser altimeter system,ATLAS)的新一代冰、云和陆地高程卫星(ice, cloud and land elevation satellite-2,ICESat-2),覆盖区域广阔,可以为大区域、多尺度、多时空的森林结构参数的监测提供广泛数据源[3]。利用ICESat-2/ATLAS所识别的有效信号光子数据可获取森林冠层以及地面的相关信息,其小光斑和高采样密度的特点,为高分辨率森林结构参数的提取创造了有利条件[4]。
为获取高精度的有效信号光子数据,国内外学者对ICESat-2/ATLAS数据的去噪算法开展了深入研究。Zhang等[5]应用密度聚类算法(density-based spatial clustering of applications with noise,DBSCAN),将圆形搜索邻域变为椭圆完成去噪过程。研究结果表明,相比于圆形邻域搜索、椭圆搜索邻域的去噪结果更佳,选择合适的参数是影响光子去噪效果的关键因素。陆大进等[6]使用一种基于卷积神经网络的光子云去噪分类算法,对原始光子点云粗去噪并栅格化,构建卷积神经网络进行训练完成光子云去噪分类。结果表明,该算法在裸地和森林区域去噪分类效果良好,但在局部地形起伏较大的区域误差有所增大。Zhu等[7]提出基于改进的点排序识别聚类结构算法(ordering points to identify the clustering structure,OPTICS),有效减弱了去噪算法对初始参数的依赖性,利用光子点的可达距离序列实现灵活的聚类分析去噪过程。Gao等[8]使用组合搜索半径改进差分渐进高斯自适应去噪算法(DRAGANN),采用大、小尺度搜索半径相结合的方式得到相对于原始DRAGANN算法更稳定的去噪结果。该方法在不同尺度下设置的半径均为固定值,该半径参数可根据去噪数据的尺度进行调整,但适应性较弱。夏少波等[9]运用局部距离统计的方法对光束高度计实验激光雷达(multiple altimeter beam experimental lidar,MABEL)数据进行精去噪处理,基于地面点云插值生成的数字高程模型(digital elevation model,DEM)估算试验区平均林冠高度。结果表明,滤波误差会影响提取地面高程的精度,进而影响提取树高的精度。Popescu等[10]使用重叠移动窗口法和三次样条插值法将信号光子分类为地面光子和冠层顶部光子,但在植被茂密的地区,由于植被遮挡会严重影响地面和树冠高度的准确估计。
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