In order to explore the impact mechanism of vegetation restoration on soil aggregate structure and organic carbon dynamics in industrial and mining wastelands, Pinus sylvestris var. mongolica plantations with different planting years (18, 20, 23, 32 years) on industrial and mining wastelands in Qingling Forest Farm, Hegang City were studied. By combining field sampling and indoor analysis, the particle size distribution of soil aggregates, organic carbon mass fraction, and main soil chemical factors (pH, total nitrogen, and total phosphorus, etc.) in the 0-20 cm and 20-40 cm soil layers were systematically measured. The research results indicated that: 1) With the increase of vegetation restoration years, the structure of soil aggregates underwent significant changes. Among them, the proportion of large aggregates larger than 2 mm showed a significant increase trend (an increase of 50.76%), while the proportion of micro aggregates smaller than 0.25 mm decreased significantly (a decrease of 44.24%). The mean weight diameter (MWD) and geometric mean diameter (GMD) increased by 17.90% and 18.42%, respectively, indicating that the stability of soil aggregates was significantly enhanced with increasing forest age. 2) Through Mantel analysis, it was found that forest age, soil depth, and chemical factors had a significant impact on soil organic carbon (SOC) accumulation (P<0.01). At the same time, forest age and chemical factors had a significant impact on aggregate stability (P<0.05). The trend of changes in surface soil (0-20 cm) and deep soil (20-40 cm) was basically consistent, but the response of deep soil to environmental factors was relatively lagging behind. 3) Random forest analysis showed that ammonia nitrogen (- N), pH, total phosphorus (TP), and nitrate nitrogen (-N) had the highest explanatory power for soil aggregate stability. In summary, long-term vegetation restoration can effectively improve the soil structure of industrial and mining wastelands, promote the accumulation and sequestration of soil organic carbon, and provide new ideas for the restoration and reconstruction of degraded ecosystems.
土壤pH的测定使用精度为0.01的pH计,按照水土比2.5∶1的比例进行测定。土壤有机碳质量分数采用重铬酸钾容量-外加热法测定。土壤全氮(TN)、全磷(TP)、氨态氮(-N)、硝态氮(-N)采用元素分析仪进行测定。所有测定过程均设置空白对照和标准样品进行质量控制,试验数据均经过3次重复测定,相对标准偏差(relative standard deviation,RSD)控制在5%以内。上述测定方法均参照《森林土壤分析方法》[7]。
1.4 数据处理
数据处理与分析主要通过Microsoft Excel 2019、SPSS 26.0和Origin 2022等软件完成。首先,针对不同造林年限和土壤深度的土壤团聚体稳定性及土壤有机碳质量分数进行单因素方差分析(analysis of variance,ANOVA),以揭示造林年限和土层深度对土壤结构稳定性的影响。其次,运用皮尔逊相关性分析,探讨土壤团聚体稳定性指标(如MWD、GMD等)与林龄、土壤深度之间的相关关系,以量化各因素对土壤团聚体稳定性的影响程度。为进一步明确环境因子的作用机制,采用Mantel检验分析土壤环境因子(如pH、养分等)与土壤团聚体稳定性之间的空间相关性。同时,运用随机森林(Random Forest,RF)算法定量评估各环境因子对土壤团聚体稳定性的相对贡献率。所有统计分析均设置显著性水平α=0.05以确保研究结果的可靠性。
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