Water is the main limiting factor for plant growth and survival in the southern edge of Horqin Sandy Land. Stem sap flow is an important basis for reflecting the physiological activities of trees and estimating water consumption per plant. This study investigated the sap flow rate of the sand-fixing shrub Lespedeza bicolor and its response mechanisms to environmental factors, aiming to provide a scientific basis and reference for formulating water use strategies and management measures for local Lespedeza bicolor populations. The experimental results showed that the average flow rate of L.bicolor during the observation period was 446.38 g/d. The diurnal variation pattern of sap flow in L.bicolor showed a bimodal "midday depression" phenomenon, with the timing of the midday depression advancing by 1 hour as the months progress from July to October. The average flow velocity at night was 0.045 g/h, and its contribution to the total daily flow was very low, at 0.077%. The flow velocity of the stem sap of L.bicolor was positively correlated with total solar radiation, temperature, wind speed, soil temperature, and vapor pressure deficit, and negatively correlated with relative humidity and precipitation. Among the above environmental factors, the vapor pressure deficit had the greatest impact on the sap flow of L.bicolor, with a contribution rate as high as 89.78%. There was an obvious threshold effect in the relationship between the two. The inflection point of the vapor pressure deficit liquid flow velocity relationship curve was 0.719 kPa, and the upper limit of the liquid flow velocity threshold was 111.85 g/h. Understanding the characteristics of transpiration water consumption and its response mechanisms to environmental factors in sandy-land L.bicolor can facilitate the comprehension of eco-hydrological processes of sandy-land L.bicolor under climate change, and provide a scientific theoretical basis for optimizing stand structure and managing stand resources in the study area.
TATARINOVF A, KUČERAJ, CIENCIALAE.The analysis of physical background of tree sap flow measurement based on thermal methods[J].Measurement Science and Technology,2005,16(5):1157-1169.
MAL, RAOX Q, ZHAOP,et al.Diurnal and seasonal changes in whole-tree transpiration of Acacia mangium [J].Journal of Beijing Forestry University,2007,29(1):67-73.
SUNH Z, ZHAOY S.A comparison of xylem sap flow of Fraxinus mandshurica and Pinus sylvestris var.mongolica under different weather conditions[J].Journal of Northeast Forestry University,2008,36(1):1-3.
DANGH Z, YANGW B, LIW,et al.Radial variation and time lag of sap flow of Populus gansuensis in Minqin Oasis,Northwest China[J].Chinese Journal of Applied Ecology,2014,25(9):2501-2510.
[8]
BOISP, CHILDERSD L, WALASZEKM,et al.Plant transpiration in constructed treatment wetland:Effects on water budget and management consequences[J].Journal of Environmental Management,2021,295:113132.
[9]
ZHUL W, ZHAOP, WANGQ,et al.Stomatal and hydraulic conductance and water use in a Eucalypt plantation in Guangxi,Southern China[J].Agricultural and Forest Meteorology,2015,202:61-68.
[10]
LAVERGNEA, HEMMINGD, PRENTICEI C,et al.Global decadal variability of plant carbon isotope discrimination and its link to gross primary production[J].Global Change Biology,2022,28(2):524-541.
[11]
HAMMERG L, COOPERM, REYNOLDSM P.Plant production in water-limited environments[J].Journal of Experimental Botany,2021,72(14):5097-5101.
[12]
FRICKEW.Night-time transpiration-favouring growth?[J].Trends in Plant Science,2019,24(4):311- 317.
YUEG Y, ZHANGT H, ZHAOH L,et al.Characteristics of sap flow and transpiration of Salix gordejevii and Caraganamicrophylla in Horqin Sandy Land,Northeast China[J].Acta Ecologica Sinica,2006,26(10):3205-3213.
JIAT Y, LIUT X, DUANL M,et al.Transpiration and water consumption of poplar trees in semi-arid dune meadow transition zone[J].Chinese Journal of Ecology,2020,39(10):3255-3264.
HANH, ZHANGX L, DANGH Z,et al.Inter-annual variation of transpiration intensity of Pinus sylvestris var.mongolica stand on the southern margin of Horqin Sandy Land and its relationship with precipitation and groundwater level[J].Scientia Silvae Sinicae,2020,56(11):31-40.
SUNC Z, SHENG F.Study on the present condition and the potentialities of the productivity of main tree species forest plantation of China Ⅰ.Study on the forest plantation productivities of Cunninghamia lanceolata and Pinus massoniana [J].Forest Research,2000,13(6):613-621.
CHENF S, ZHANGY M, HUX F,et al.The pattern of ecosystem carbon stock in steep slope wild shrubs and neighboring forest plantations in hilly red soil area[J].Journal of Soil and Water Conservation,2012,26(1):151-155.
QUW L, YANGX P, ZHANGC T,et al.Shrub-mediated“fertile island”effects in arid and semi-arid grassland[J].Acta Prataculturae Sinica,2015,24(4):201-207.
[25]
SONGL N, ZHUJ J, ZHENGX,et al.Transpiration and canopy conductance dynamics of Pinus sylvestris var.mongolica in its natural range and in an introduced region in the sandy plains of Northern China[J].Agricultural and Forest Meteorology,2020,281:107830.
[26]
DENGJ F, YAOJ Q, ZHENGX,et al.Transpiration and canopy stomatal conductance dynamics of Mongolian pine plantations in semiarid deserts,Northern China[J].Agricultural Water Management,2021,249(8):106806.
QUH, ZHAOX Y, YUEG Y,et al.Physiological response to wind of some common plants in Horqin Sand Land[J].Journal of Desert Research,2009,29(4):668-673.
[29]
郭蕊.科尔沁沙地典型林木蒸腾耗水与水文效应及生态防护功能研究[D].沈阳:沈阳农业大学,2022.
[30]
GUOR.Study on the transpiration,hydrological effect,and ecological protection function of typical trees species of Horqin Sandy Land,China[D].Shenyang:Shenyang Agricultural University,2022.
[31]
SAKURATANIT.A heat balance method for measuring water flux in the stem of intact plants[J].Journal of Agricultural Meteorology,1981,37(1):9-17.
[32]
龙秋波,贾绍凤.茎流计发展及应用综述[J].水资源与水工程学报,2012,23(4):18-23.
[33]
LONGQ B, JIAS F.Review on the development and application of sap flow gauge[J].Journal of Water Resources and Water Engineering,2012,23(4):18-23.
[34]
IDSOS B.An introduction to environmental biophysics[J].Journal of Environmental Quality,1977,6(4):474.
[35]
DALEYM J, PHILLIPSN G.Interspecific variation in nighttime transpiration and stomatal conductance in a mixed New England deciduous forest[J].Tree Physiology,2006,26(4):411-419.
[36]
LIZ, CHENY N, YANGJ,et al.Potential evapotranspiration and its attribution over the past 50 years in the arid region of Northwest China[J].Hydrological Processes,2014,28(3):1025-1031.
[37]
FORDC R, HUBBARDR M, KLOEPPELB D,et al.A comparison of sap flux-based evapotranspiration estimates with catchment-scale water balance[J].Agricultural and Forest Meteorology,2007,145(3/4):176-185.
XUX Y, SUNB P, DINGG D,et al.Sap flow patterns of three main sand-fixing shrubs and their responses to environmental factors in desert areas[J].Acta Ecologica Sinica,2008,28(3):895-905.
HUANGY, WEIW, CHENS N.Sap flow characteristics of Platycladus orientalis and Caragana korshinskii and its response to environmental factors in the Loess Plateau[J].Ecology and Environmental Sciences,2024,33(3):389-398.
LIG D, FUH M, JIAL M.Studies on the characteristics of xylem sap flow and water capacitance of Ginkgo biloba [J].Journal of Northwest Forestry University,2014,29(4):54-58.
[44]
王瑞辉.北京主要园林树种耗水性及节水灌溉制度研究[D].北京:北京林业大学,2006.
[45]
WANGR H.Research on water consumption and irrigation regime of main landscape tree species in Beijing City[D].Beijing:Beijing Forestry University,2006.
PEIZ Y, HAOS R, QIAOJ W,et al.Characteristics of stem flow of Salixpsammophila’s branch in Mu Us Sand Land[J].Ecology and Environmental Sciences,2019,28(1):48-56.
ZHANGJ C, XUX Y, SUNX B,et al.Dynamic changes in the sap flow of Haloxylon ammodendron in the Minqin desert region[J].Pratacultural Science,2023,40(1):169-178.
TANGZ S, WANGG X, HUZ Y.Characteristics of stem sap flow and influencing factors of Abies fabri in varied diameters on Mount Gongga,China[J].Mountain Research,2022,40(2):220-234.
HUANGD W, ZHANGD Q, ZHOUG Y,et al.Characteristics of dominant tree species stem sap flow and their relationships with environmental factors in a mixed conifer-broadleaf forest in Dinghushan,Guangdong Province of South China[J].Chinese Journal of Applied Ecology,2012,23(5):1159-1166.
[54]
WANGS, FUB J, GAOG Y,et al.Responses of soil moisture in different land cover types to rainfall events in a re-vegetation catchment area of the Loess Plateau,China[J].Catena,2013,101:122-128.
DANGH Z, FENGJ C, HANH.Characteristics of azimuthal variation of sap flux density in Pinus sylvestris var.mongolica grown in sandy land[J].Scientia Silvae Sinicae,2020,56(1):29-37.
[57]
FANGW W, LUN, ZHANGY,et al.Responses of nighttime sap flow to atmospheric and soil dryness and its potential roles for shrubs on the Loess Plateau of China[J].Journal of Plant Ecology,2018,11(5):717-729.
[58]
BARBETAA, OGAYAR, PEÑUELASJ.Comparative study of diurnal and nocturnal sap flow of Quercus ilex and Phillyrea latifolia in a Mediterranean holm oak forest in Prades (Catalonia,NE Spain)[J].Trees,2012,26(5):1651-1659.
ZHOUC M, ZHAOP, NIG Y,et al.Water recharge through nighttime stem sap flow of Schima superba in Guangzhou region of Guangdong Province,South China:Affecting factors and contribution to transpiration[J].Chinese Journal of Applied Ecology,2012,23(7):1751-1757.
[61]
JIANS Q, WUZ N, HUC H,et al.Sap flow in response to rainfall pulses for two shrub species in the semiarid Chinese Loess Plateau[J].Journal of Hydrology and Hydromechanics,2016,64(2):121-132.
LIUP F, GUOH, XINZ M.The relationship between the stem sap flow of Elaeagnus angustifolia Linn.and environmental factors in Ulan Buh Desert[J].Journal of Arid Land Resources and Environment,2021,35(9):177-184.
[64]
ZEPPELM J B, MURRAYB R, BARTONC,et al.Seasonal responses of xylem sap velocity to VPD and solar radiation during drought in a stand of native trees in temperate Australia[J].Functional Plant Biology,2004,31(5):461-470.
[65]
WANGD, GAOG Y, LIJ R,et al.Sap flow dynamics of xerophytic shrubs differ significantly among rainfall categories in the Loess Plateau of China[J].Journal of Hydrology,2020,585:124815.