To address the repetitive positioning error of the four-column guide pair in a self-propelled desert tree planting machine under harsh conditions, this study investigated the effects of assembly errors, structural parameters, and friction characteristics on positioning accuracy. A mathematical error transfer model considering the coupling of assembly errors and elastic deformation was established. Based on Adams simulations, the effects of guide rail verticality (0°, +1°, +2°), slider spacing (100, 175, 250 mm), and friction coefficient on system forces and positioning accuracy were analyzed. A three-factor, three-level orthogonal experiment was designed, and an experimental platform was built for validation. Results showed that when verticality increased from 0°to 2°, slider force rose by 190%. Increasing slider spacing from 100 mm to 250 mm reduced system force by 67% and improved accuracy by 87%. When the static friction coefficient exceeded 0.3, creeping occurred and friction increased by 45%. ANOVA indicated verticality, spacing, and friction had significant impacts. The optimal parameters were: verticality within ±1°, spacing 250 mm, and static friction coefficient ≤0.2. The results provide guidance for improving the precision of desert tree planting machinery.
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