1.College of Forestry,Northeast Forestry University,Harbin 150040,China
2.Key Laboratory of Sustainable Forest Ecosystem Management,Ministry of Education,Harbin 150040,China
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文章历史+
Received
Published
2026-02-09
2026-07-20
Issue Date
2026-09-24
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摘要
明确森林覆盖及类型变化对森林碳汇的影响有助于制定提升森林碳汇的科学政策,为国家实现碳达峰、碳中和目标提供支撑。以黑龙江省为研究区,结合卫星数据驱动的生理生长预测模型(physiological principles predicting growth with satellites model,3-PGS)和土壤呼吸地统计学模型(geostatistical model of soil respiration,GSMSR)估算碳汇量,运用图谱分析法和结构方程模型量化森林覆盖及类型变化对碳汇的影响,并结合标准化异常指数(standardized anomaly index,SAI)分析碳汇的年际异常变化特征。结果表明,2000—2020年,黑龙江省森林覆盖率从48.95%升至51.76%。碳汇水平整体波动上升,累积碳汇量达57.92×107 t C,约抵消同期34.85%的碳排放。碳汇变化分为3个阶段,2000—2004年在波动中出现一定的降低,年均固碳量为2.31×107 t C;2005—2013年碳汇平稳上升,年均固碳量高于多年均值2.03%;2014—2020年碳汇水平先加速增长,2017年达到峰值后出现放缓,2020年极端降水灾害导致碳汇出现中度异常减少。在影响碳汇的关键因素方面,退耕还林和草地造林等生态修复活动对碳汇提升有着积极的作用,同时森林内部结构调整也是碳汇提升的重要驱动因子,阔叶林和混交林对碳汇提升有显著正向效应。空间分布上,黑龙江省森林生态系统呈现出“中部和东部高效固碳、北部区域稳步提升”的格局。
Abstract
Clarifying the effects of forest cover and type changes on forest carbon sinks helps formulate scientific policies to enhance forest carbon sinks, and provides support for the country to achieve carbon peaking and carbon neutrality goals. Taking Heilongjiang Province as the study area, this study estimated carbon sinks by combining the 3-PGS (physiological principles predicting growth with satellites) model and the GSMSR (geostatistical model of soil respiration) model. Atlas analysis and structural equation model were used to quantify the impacts of forest cover and type changes on carbon sinks, and the standardized anomaly index (SAI) was applied to analyze the interannual anomaly characteristics of carbon sinks. The results showed that: from 2000 to 2020, the forest coverage rate in Heilongjiang Province rose from 48.95% to 51.76%. The overall carbon sink level showed a fluctuating upward trend, with a cumulative carbon sink of 57.92×107 t C, offsetting approximately 34.85% of carbon emissions over the same period. Carbon sink changes were divided into three stages: a fluctuating decrease from 2000 to 2004, with an average annual carbon sequestration of 2.31×107 t C; a steady increase from 2005 to 2013, 2.03% higher than the average; an accelerated growth followed by a slowdown after peaking in 2017 from 2014 to 2020, and a moderate abnormal reduction occurred in 2020 due to extreme rainfalls. In terms of key factors influencing carbon sinks, ecological restoration such as returning farmland to forests and grassland afforestation positively promotes carbon sink enhancement. Meanwhile, internal forest structure adjustment is also a key driver, and broad-leaved and mixed forests show significant positive effects. Spatially, the forest ecosystem in Heilongjiang Province presents a pattern of “efficient carbon sequestration in the central and eastern parts and steady improvement in the northern region”.
森林覆盖类型数据是由中分辨率成像光谱仪(moderate resolution imaging spectroradiometer,MODIS)的双星融合中分辨率成像光谱仪土地覆盖类型数据(the terra and aqua combined moderate resolution imaging spectroradiometer land cover type data,MCD2Q1)数据集[16]重分类获得。MCD12Q1数据集是由美国航空航天局(national aeronautics and space administration,NASA)发布的土地利用/覆被产品,该数据集基于MODSI Terra/Aqua卫星观测数据处理得到,空间分辨率为500 m,根据国际地球圈-生物圈计划(international geosphere-biosphere programme,IGBP)全球植被分类法分为17类土地覆盖类型,根据研究区实际情况重分类为8类,分别为针叶林、阔叶林、混交林、耕地、草地、建筑用地、水域、未利用地。
1.2.2 气象数据
气象数据来源于欧洲中期天气预报中心(european centre for medium-range weather forecasts,ECMWF)的ERA5-Land(ECMWF Reanalysis v5-Land)数据[17],ERA5-Land数据是通过重分析ERA5数据的陆地部分得到的,空间分辨率为0.05°,包含月均气温(℃)、月最高气温(℃)、月最低气温(℃)、月度总降水(mm)和月总太阳短波辐射(Mj/month)数据,为统一分辨率,将气象数据投影后重采样至500 m,并计算得到饱和水汽压差(VPD),见公式(1)。
植被光合有效辐射吸收比率(fraction of absorbed photosynthetically active radiation,fPAR)是用来描述太阳辐射在冠层传输过程中被植被吸收的比例,与植被冠层特性息息相关,但数据的测定较为困难,故本研究使用的数据为Pu等[18]在Earth System Science Data期刊上的LAI/Fpar数据集,空间分辨率为500 m,数据集覆盖时间范围为2000—2022年。
3-PGS模型计算的NPP结果通过与MODIS NPP产品[30]以及样地实测数据进行对比来验证(3-PGS模型结果、MODIS NPP产品以及样地实测数据的时间均为2015年)。与MODIS NPP产品对比时,利用ArcGIS Pro软件的创建随机点工具在研究区范围内创建200个随机点,再使用多值提取至点将对应点的像元值提取出来绘制散点图,实测数据验证时基于样地点的坐标获取对应位置的模型估测值来绘制散点图,基于决定系数R2 和均方根误差(root mean square error,RMSE,式中记为RMSE)两个指标对模型进行评价,对比结果表明,3-PGS模型估算结果与验证数据结果有较好的正相关关系,R2 分别达到了0.54和0.57,RMSE为46.73 g C/(m2·a)和61.20 g C/(m2·a),见图1,说明3-PGS模型的估算结果能够较好地反映黑龙江省森林生态系统NPP分布。GSMSR模型精度通过Sun等[31]共享的实测数据进行验证,结果表明模型估算结果与实测数据有较好的正相关关系,R2 为0.56,RMSE为39.45 g C/(m2·月)。但从散点图可以看出大部分散点都在1∶1线的下方(图1),说明GSMSR模型对于黑龙江省森林土壤呼吸估算存在低估偏差,并由此导致了大约17.5%的碳汇高估。
通过对黑龙江省不同森林覆盖类型的碳汇量(图4)进行深入分析可知,2000—2020年三大森林类型的碳汇量呈现出波动上升的趋势,充分说明黑龙江省森林整体碳汇能力在不断增强,然而,不同森林类型之间的碳汇量差异却十分显著。其中,阔叶林贡献的碳汇量占据主导地位,研究期初至研究期末,阔叶林累计碳汇量达33.48×107 t C,占森林总碳汇量的57.80%,针叶林次之,累计碳汇量为12.41×107 t C,占总碳汇量的21.43%,混交林的碳汇贡献基本与针叶林持平,占比为20.77%,为12.03×107 t C。
黑龙江省森林生态系统展现出稳定且强效的碳汇能力,是缓解区域碳排放的重要生态屏障,研究区三大森林类型(针叶林、阔叶林和混交林)碳汇水平均呈现上升趋势[33],但对区域碳汇的贡献度差异显著,形成了阔叶林主导、针叶林和混交林协同补充的碳汇格局。2000—2020年,阔叶林的累计碳汇量达到了33.48×107 t C,占森林总碳汇量的57.80%,是绝对的碳汇主力,在各个年份的碳汇增速也高于其他森林类型,这是由于阔叶林叶片光合面积大、光合速率高、生长周期短,能够在短时期内快速吸收并固定大量的二氧化碳,而且阔叶林主要分布在黑龙江省的中部与东南部,这些区域气温相对较高,更加适宜阔叶林的生长。针叶林的累计碳汇量为12.41×107 t C,占比为21.43%,虽占比较低,但是各年份的变化波动较小,稳定性较强,针叶林(兴安落叶松、云杉和樟子松等)生长周期长、木材密度高,且凋落物分解速率慢,可以将吸收的二氧化碳长期储存于树干、土壤中,是区域长期稳定碳库的核心,尽管其固碳速率低于阔叶林,但对于区域碳汇的长期持续发展有着不可或缺的作用[34]。混交林的累计碳汇量为12.03×107 t C,贡献了20.77%的碳汇量,与针叶林几乎持平,但面积却比针叶林少了25.44%,且碳汇增速高于针叶林,介于针叶林和阔叶林之间,混交林具有短期高效固碳与长期稳定储碳的特性,生态结构更加复杂,抗干扰能力更强,碳汇稳定性优于纯林,但其对区域碳汇的贡献并未显著突破,可能与混交林面积较小、林分结构优化不到位等原因有关,未来的提升潜力较大。值得关注的一点是2020年碳汇水平出现中度异常降低,这主要是2020年春季黑龙江省出现了极端降水灾害,对即将开始生长季的森林产生了较大的负面影响[35-36],进而导致该年的碳汇水平出现异常降低,未来应该继续加强天然林保护和生态修复工作,优化森林管理策略,提高森林质量,进一步增强森林碳汇功能,提高森林面对极端气候灾害时的稳定性。
退耕还林、生态恢复和造林等是提升碳汇的重要举措,毁林开荒、森林退化是导致碳失汇的重要因素。将坡度较大的低产耕地恢复为森林带来了巨大的碳汇增益,累计带来了155.62×104 t C的碳汇增量;草地转为森林(代码为51、52、53),代表了草地的森林恢复以及草地造林,同样也是重要的碳增汇手段,草地转为林地共带来了59.49×104 t C的碳汇增量。这主要得益于黑龙江省实施天保工程之后严禁毁林开荒以及森林的商业性采伐,并不断进行植树造林,扩大森林面积,提升了森林的生产力。
在2000—2005年和2015—2020年时间段发生了针叶林和混交林转为耕地的现象,共造成了约20.04×104 t C的碳排放,主要原因是在国家粮食安全战略的驱动下,黑龙江省作为我国重要的粮仓,要严守耕地红线,因此造成部分林地转为耕地,未来应注重生态保护与耕地红线两头抓,通过科学耕作,利用有限的耕地面积提升粮食产量,保障国家粮食安全。
另外,森林生态系统内部的动态调整也是导致碳汇变化的重要因素,同样也是森林类型变化图谱中的主要变化类型。混交林转为针叶林(31)对碳汇增加有着强烈的负效应,在4个时间段内都导致了较大的碳排放,与其相反的转移方向则会显著提升森林碳汇能力,综合来看两种转移方向对于碳汇提升有一定的负面影响,共带来了15.51×104 t C的碳汇损失。还需关注的是,混交林和阔叶林的相互转化也造成了一定的碳排放,其中混交林向阔叶林转化(32)产生了正向的碳汇效益,带来了42.14×104 t C的碳汇量,阔叶林向混交林转化(23)虽然在4个时期内转移面积排名并不靠前,却也造成不低的碳汇损失,4个时期累计达到了59.85×104 t C。针叶林和阔叶林的互相转化整体上对于研究区碳汇具有显著的增益效应,除2015—2020年造成了一定的碳排放,其他时期的转化均有利于碳汇的提升,总计带来了110.72×104 t C的碳增汇。由此可见,森林内部的结构变化对森林碳汇能力的影响是巨大的,可以通过抚育采伐、树种更新等森林经营措施优化森林结构,实现森林碳汇能力的高效提升。依据黑龙江省不同森林类型的碳汇水平以及空间分布特征,在中东部区域可以重点营造阔叶林,充分发挥其光合速率高、固碳效率高的优势,实现区域碳汇短期快速提升;北部大、小兴安岭地区可重点优化针阔混交林的林分结构,提高混交林占比,依靠混交林双重固碳特性,兼顾固碳效率的提升与长期碳库的稳定;同时也要严格把控毁林开荒等行为,推进农林复合经营,营造农田防护林,实现生态保护与粮食安全的协同发展。通过科学精准的森林经营,调整不同树种的比例、优化林分密度,在保障短期快速增汇的同时强化森林长期固碳的能力,为国家“双碳”目标作出更大贡献。
1)2000—2020年,黑龙江省森林面积显著增加,从2.19×105 km2增加到2.32×105 km2,森林覆盖率从48.95%提升至51.76%。森林生态系统碳汇效应明显,总碳汇量达57.92×107 t C,且随时间推移,森林碳汇水平呈现持续上升的趋势,固碳量稳步增加,空间分布上呈现出中部和东南部区域高于北部的格局。
2)研究结果表明,黑龙江省国土空间规划整体上是有利于森林碳汇水平提升的,森林覆盖及类型变化对黑龙江森林生态系统的影响很大,森林内部的结构变化是研究期间的主导变化,尤其是阔叶林和混交林对碳汇有着显著的正向效应,综合来看,2000—2020年森林覆盖及类型变化带来的碳汇增量为308.81×104 t C,占总碳汇量的13.67%。同时退耕还林和草地造林等生态保护措施也是碳汇提升的重要原因。
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