As one of the most severe manifestations of land degradation in Northeast China, gully erosion in black soil regions poses a major threat to agricultural productivity and ecological stability. Consequently, gully erosion rehabilitation in black soil regions is a critical task for ecological restoration in Northeast China. However, systematic evaluation methods and mechanistic understanding of functional recovery remain insufficient. Based on engineering projects implemented between 2022 and 2025 in four typical erosion gullies in Qitaihe City, this study developed an evaluation system comprising 30 indicators covering soil structure, vegetation diversity, and hydrological functions. Using a matter-element extension model combined with a game-theoretic weighting method, we quantified the post-restoration ecological function levels. The results showed that: (1) Soil structure and mechanical properties were the core driving factors, with <0.6 mm aggregates accounting for 73.13% of the structural weight. (2) Multiscale differentiation of soil functions: shear strength and non-capillary porosity dominated overall functionality, medium-sized aggregates played prominent roles in segmented zones, while deep-layer fine particles regulated hydrological processes. (3) The ecological function of gullies restored in 2022 and 2024 reached the “excellent” level, with downstream sections significantly outperforming upstream and midstream areas. The overall excellence rate reached 50%. Our findings highlight that microstructural reconstruction and spatial heterogeneity regulation are key to ecological function recovery in black soil gullies. Moreover, the downstream segments exhibited the most notable restoration outcomes, offering a scientific basis for a “segmented-phase” precision management strategy in black soil regions.
式中:(=1,…,m)为寒区黑土侵蚀沟治理区生态功能的第j个等级; p 为待评对象等级的全体;(=1,2,…,24)为第i个指标; ci 为第i个评价指标,i=1,2,…,n,比如物种丰富度、全磷和全钾等; vji 为第i个指标在第j个等级下的取值范围; Vpi 为第i个指标在所有等级下的取值范围; V 为 N 关于 C 的量值,即<aji 、bji >和<api 、bpi >分别为指标经典域和节域的取值范围,其中<api 、bpi>就是<aji 、bji >(j=1,2,…,4)第i个指标的所有范围的并集。
式中: w 为博弈论组合权重向量,是融合G1法(主观权重)与熵权法(客观权重)后得到的最终综合权重,用于寒区黑土侵蚀沟治理区生态功能评价的指标赋权;为归一化后的最优组合权重向量,是博弈论组合赋权的最终输出结果,用于后续生态功能评价;L为赋权方法的数量,本研究中L=2,对应G1法、熵权法2种赋权方法;为归一化后的最优线性组合系数,用于计算最终最优组合权重。
ZHANGT T, LIUB H.Spatial differentiation effect and driving mechanism of soil and water conservation engineering measures on soil productivity of slope farmland in black soil area[J].Forest Engineering,2025,42(1):23-34.
FENGQ L, JIANGZ H, NIUB W,et al.Multiscale feature extraction model for remote sensing identification of erosion gullies in Northeast China’s black soil region:A case study of Hailun City[J].National Remote Sensing Bulletin,2024,28(12):3147-3157.
GUOY Q, XIAOY, YANGQ N,et al.Ecological management model of bee grid in the erosion gully and its application[J].Soil and Water Conservation in China,2025(2):74-76.
LIH, SONGJ F, YANGQ N,et al.Management mode and application of willow hedge for slope protection in the erosion gullies[J].Soil and Water Conservation in China,2025(3):45-47.
SHAOS, LIUB H, WEIS Y,et al.The impact of field ridge spacing on the spatial distribution characteristics of soil physical properties in the northeast black soil region[J].Forest Engineering,2025,41(3):486-494.
HES, HANS J, WANGD T,et al.Characteristics of changes in active organic carbon in surface soil of sloping farmland in typical black soil areas[J].Forest Engineering,2024,40(2):85-91.
HUANGS Z.Soil erosion prevention and conservation strategies in the black soil region of northeast China[J].China Resources Comprehensive Utilization,2024,42(11):137-139.
ZHANGY, XUZ Q, YANGX K,et al.Suitability evaluation of soil and water conservation measures on typical slope in mountain and hilly areas of Jilin Province[J].Forest Engineering,2021,37(6):25-33,38.
FANH, ZHENGF L, WANGY X.Effects of rainfall characteristics on the distribution of erosion gullies in Heilongjiang Province[J].Technology of Soil and Water Conservation,2015(5):1-3.
LIS S, WANGC M, TANGJ,et al.Development processes from ephemeral to permanent gullies and their critical terrain thresholds in a typical watershed of the mollisol region,Northeast China[J].Geomatics and Information Science of Wuhan University,2026,51(2):345-356.
[21]
THOMPSONP L, KÉFIS, ZELNIKY R,et al.Scaling up biodiversity–ecosystem functioning relationships:The role of environmental heterogeneity in space and time[J].Proceedings of the Royal Society B:Biological Sciences,2021,288(1946):20202779.
[22]
HAMMILLE, HAWKINSC P, GREIGH S,et al.Landscape heterogeneity strengthens the relationship between β-diversity and ecosystem function[J].Ecology,2018,99(11):2467-2475.
[23]
MACHADOR L, DE RESENDEA S, CAMPELLOE F C,et al.Soil and nutrient losses in erosion gullies at different degrees of restoration[J].Revista Brasileira de Ciência do Solo,2010,34(3):945-954.
LIUH, DONGX B, ZHANGJ W,et al.Comprehensive evaluation of soil quality in Quercus mongolica low-quality forests from 2010 to 2023 after transformation and prediction of future 6-year variation trends in soil quality:A case of Quercus mongolica low-quality forests transformed in 2009[J].Journal of Northeast Forestry University,2024,52(6):106-113,128.
[26]
HUANGJ, JIANGD H, DENGY S,et al.Soil physicochemical properties and fertility evolution of permanent gully during ecological restoration in Granite Hilly Region of South China[J].Forest,2021,12(4):510.
GONGX, LIL, ZHAOF Y,et al.Effect of eroded gully control and near-natural restoration of Lingshan Mountain in Beijing[J].Soil and Water Conservation in China,2019(5):42-45,69.
[29]
WENH, NIS M, WANGJ G,et al.Changes of soil quality induced by different vegetation restoration in the collapsing gully erosion areas of Southern China[J].International Soil and Water Conservation Research,2021,9(2):195-206.
[30]
DOUJ M, MAH Y, YANGJ J,et al.An improved power quality evaluation for LED lamp based on G1-entropy method[J].IEEE Access,2021,9:111171-111180.
[31]
JINM, ZHANGJ Y, CUIS,et al.Research on comprehensive evaluation of data link based on G1 method and entropy weight method[J].Journal of Physics:Conference Series,2021,1820(1):012115.
[32]
LIP, CHANGZ P, CHENW H.Risk state evaluation model for China’s food import using G1-LS and variable weight SPA based on bottom-line thinking[J].Kybernetes,2023,53(9):2749-2774.
[33]
HES J, ZHIJ Y, XIANGZ R.Satisfaction evaluation of the passenger interface design of high-speed train based on G1-entropy weight method[C]//Advances in Usability,User Experience,Wearable and Assistive Technology:Proceedings of the AHFE 2020 Advances in Intelligent Sytems and Computing,July 16-20,2020,USA.Springer,2020:110-117.
[34]
LIUH, DONGX B, QINS L,et al.Matter-element evaluation of ecological quality in gaps of temperate secondary forests[J].Ecological Indicators,2025,175:113552.
[35]
张建英.博弈论的发展及其在现实中的应用[J].理论探索,2005(2):36-37.
[36]
ZHANGJ Y.Development of game theory and its application in real life[J].Theoretical Exploration,2005(2):36-37.
WUR Y, SUNH W, YAND,et al.Evaluation of flood disaster risk in China-Pakistan economic corridor by combination weighting based on improved game theory and grid data[J].Transactions of the Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering,2021,37(14):145-154.
ZHANGX Q, LIANGC.Application of fuzzy matter-element model based on coefficients of entropy in comprehensive evaluation of water quality[J].Journal of Hydraulic Engineering,2005(9):1057-1061.
[41]
门宝辉,梁川.水质量评价的物元分析法[J].哈尔滨工业大学学报,2003(3):358-361.
[42]
MENB H, LIANGC.Matter element method for evaluating water quality[J].Journal of Harbin Institute of Technology,2003(3):358-361.
[43]
MAZ W, LIUX, QINW P,et al.Ecological restoration enhances the stability and associated organic carbon of soil aggregates in a Tibetan Alpine Meadow[J].Land Degradation & Development,2025,36(4):1206-1218.
[44]
ARSHADM A, COENG M.Characterization of soil quality:Physical and chemical criteria[J].American Journal of Alternative Agriculture,1992,7(1-2):25-31.
[45]
HASSINKJ.The capacity of soils to preserve organic C and N by their association with clay and silt particles[J].Plant and Soil,1997,191(1):77-87.
[46]
WANGX L, LIUJ F, HEZ S,et al.Forest gaps mediate the structure and function of the soil microbial community in a Castanopsis kawakamii forest[J].Ecological Indicators,2021,122:107288.
[47]
FANGC Y, GUOJ X, LIS H,et al.Soil respiration characteristics of different vegetation types in the mountain areas of North China[J].Journal of Beijing Forestry University,2008,30(2):20-26.
SONGQ L, DONGX B.Diurnal variation and influenced factors of soil respiration in five typical low-quality forest in Daxing’an Mountains[J].Journal of Northeast Forestry University,2014,42(9):77-82.
ZHANGY, LIUS, XUZ Q,et al.Effect of the environmental factors on the growth and yield status of the Paeonia rockii in the black soil area[J].Forest Engineering,2020,36(4):21-28.
CHENJ, ZHANGY, WANGM M,et al.The comprehensive effect of planting perennial grass on the erosion resistance of black soil[J].Science of Soil and Water Conservation,2025,23(3):194-202.
WANGF K, SUA S, GAOS J,et al.Research on new technology of black soil erosion gully control in cold area[J].Journal of Natural Disasters,2024,33(4):211-220.
MAX Y, MUX M, WANGS Y,et al.Study on the effects of different vegetation restoration on soil infiltration and suitable models in the Loess Hilly Region[J].Journal of Soil and Water Conservation,2023,37(2):67-75.