1.Heilongjiang Forestry Science Research Institute,Harbin 150081,China
2.Hebei Forestry Bureau Company Limited Forestry Work General Station,Hegan 154211,China
3.Luobei County Forest Seedling and Forest Disease Prevention Station,Hegang 154200,China
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文章历史+
Received
Published
2025-08-25
2026-07-20
Issue Date
2026-09-24
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摘要
根据黑龙江省鹤岗市双丰林场12块兴安落叶松人工林固定样地每木检尺数据,构建兴安落叶松人工林单木冠幅模型。通过分析兴安落叶松冠幅与胸径、高径比、冠长率等因子之间的相关性,从6种常见的线性和非线性备选冠幅-胸径模型中选取最优模型,在最优基础模型基础上引入显著单木影响因子,并加入样地水平随机效应,构建兴安落叶松人工林单木冠幅混合效应模型,对构建的冠幅模型进行评价和预测。结果表明,兴安落叶松冠幅与胸径、冠长率呈正相关关系,与高径比呈负相关关系。选出最优的基础模型为线性模型,其调整后的决定系数(adjusted coefficient of determination,)为0.515 6,引入高径比、冠长率2个关键单木因子构建的广义线性多元模型为0.597 8;在此模型基础上,引入样地随机效应后构建的混合效应模型的为0.629 7,模型的拟合效果得以显著提升,通过模型的检验和评价表明,混合效应模型具有更好的预测效果。本研究构建的包含胸径、高径比、冠长率以及样地水平随机效应的兴安落叶松人工林冠幅混合效应模型具有很好的拟合效果和较精准的预测效果,且该模型的适用性较为广泛,具有较高的生物学意义,可以为东北地区兴安落叶松人工林的冠幅准确预估提供理论基础。
Abstract
Based on dendrometric measurements from 12 permanent sample plots in Shuangfeng Forest Farm, Hegang City, Heilongjiang Province, a crown projection area model for individual trees in Larixgmelinii plantations was developed. The relationships between crown projection area and factors including DBH, height-to-diameter ratio, and crown length ratio were analyzed through correlation analysis. The optimal model was selected from six common linear and nonlinear candidate crown-DBH models. Single-tree variables were incorporated into this base model, and plot-level random effects were added to construct a mixed-effects model for individual-tree crown projection area in Larixgmelinii plantations. The developed crown models were evaluated and validated. The results indicated that crown projection area showed positive correlations with DBH and crown length ratio but a negative correlation with height-to-diameter ratio. The optimal base model was a linear function with of 0.515 6. After incorporating height-to-diameter ratio and crown length ratio, the generalized linear model achieved of 0.597 8. Based on this model, the mixed-effects model including plot-level random effects further improved the fit, yielding of 0.629 7. Model validation and evaluation confirmed that the mixed-effects model demonstrated superior predictive performance. The developed Larixgmelinii plantations mixed-effects crown projection area model-incorporating DBH, height-to-diameter ratio, crown length ratio, and plot-level random effects exhibits excellent goodness-of-fit and precise predictive capability. With broad applicability and significant biological interpretation, this model provides a theoretical foundation for accurately predicting crown dimensions in Larixgmelinii plantations across Northeast China.
2024年以双丰林场1980年种植的兴安落叶松人工林为试验地,共设置12块兴安落叶松人工林固定样地,样地大小为50 m×50 m,各个样地较为集中,立地条件基本相同。利用GPS对标准地中心点进行定位,此外对样地因子进行测量并记录,如坡度、坡向、坡位和海拔等。随后对样地内的所有活立木进行测量。使用胸径尺在树木根茎上方1.3 m处测量树木直径,即单木胸径(diameter at breast height,DBH,cm),利用超声波测高器测量单木树高(height,H,m)和枝下高(height to crown,HCB,m),利用钢尺测量树木东西和南北轴向的树冠投影长度,取均值作为单木平均冠幅(crown breadth,CW,m)。同时还计算了高径比(height to diameter,HD)和冠长比(crown length ratio,CLR)。兴安落叶松人工林基本统计信息见表1。
2 研究方法
2.1 基础模型的选取
目前已有研究证实冠幅与胸径的相关性较高[18-20],故而将胸径作为冠幅预测模型的第一解释变量。本研究将6种常见的模型形式作为备选,见表2。利用全部样地的数据分别拟合6种模型形式,通过调整后的决定系数(adjusted coefficient of determination,)、均方根误差(root mean square error,RMSE,式中记为RMSE)、赤池信息准则(akaike information criterion,AIC,式中记为AIC)和贝叶斯信息准则(Bayesian information criterion,BIC,式中记为BIC)进行模型的挑选,优选原则为越大,RMSE、AIC和BIC越小,模型拟合效果与精度越优。上述指标的具体计算公式见公式(1)—公式(4)。
混合效应模型的拟合基于R软件的lme程序包实现,采用限制极大似然(restricted maximum likelihood,REML)方法进行参数的估计。鉴于随机效应参数位置和数量均未知,本研究系统地尝试对所有的随机效应参数组合方案进行拟合。通过对收敛的模型进行比较选择最优的随机效应组合,比较指标为、AIC、BIC和-2倍对数似然值(-2)。对于随机效应方差-协方差矩阵的选择,本研究分别拟合对角矩阵、复合矩阵和广义正定矩阵,通过比较AIC、BIC和-2进行矩阵的选择。
除了对模型的拟合效果进行评价之外,还需要对模型的预测效果进行评价,本研究采用留一交叉验证法进行模型预测效果的检验。在使用混合效应模型对样地进行预测时需要计算随机效应参数,随机效应参数通过经验线性无偏最优预测法(experienced best linear unbiased prediction,EBLUP)进行计算[24-25],具体计算方式见公式(6)。
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