Taking 44 fixed sample plots in the Huapi Forest Farm of Huangnihe Forestry Bureau in Jilin Province as the research object, the data of animal monitoring, plant investigation, stand and site conditions are collected. A three-level multi-objective evaluation system including animal activities, plant species diversity, carbon storage and wood production was constructed. Compared with the traditional forest multi-objective management which only focused on the core dimensions of carbon sink, wood production, plant diversity, etc., the study took animal friendliness as the core of the evaluation, used multiple linear regression model to quantify the relationship between each objective and forest management and environmental factors, optimized the management scheme through the sequential least squares programming algorithm, and verified the effectiveness of the model with the help of random forest model. The results showed that: the optimal sample plot (23-28-1-Ⅲ,denotes the third parallel sample plot within Working Block 1, Subcompartment 28, Stand 23) was 446 trees/hm2, with 0.47 thinning intensity, 30-year stand age, flat terrain, average stand height of 12.7 m, altitude of 463m, and average DBH of 16.65cm. The optimal scheme obtained by the optimized multi-objective model was suitable for 645-1243 trees/hm2, stand age of 26-37 years, flat hillside terrain, altitude of 394-496 m, average DBH of 15.46-21.70 cm, first-class timber ratio≥20%, and basal area of 17.52-38.95 m2/hm2. The stand structure was suitable for thinning, and the comprehensive benefit was the best. The comprehensive effect of thinning was significantly better than that of zonal clear cutting (t=4.542, P<0.01), and 0.16-0.20 low and medium intensity cutting was easier to achieve the collaborative improvement of all objectives. Two kinds of advantageous business models focusing on carbon sink, ecological protection and plant diversity protection were divided. The comprehensive benefit of the optimal scheme was 16.93% higher than that of the non tending forest, in which the suitability of animal activities was increased by 20.12%, the diversity of plant species was increased by 17.70%, and the carbon storage and wood production remained stable. The model validation showed that the R2 of each single target model was between 0.597 4-0.813 5, and the R2 of the total target model was 0.689 2, with good fitting effect. The study concluded that the optimal forest management scheme and mode suitable for the study area were different from the limit that the cutting intensity generally did not exceed 0.30 under the multi-objective management scenario in the traditional forestry management. On the premise of ensuring the animal friendliness, the optimal cutting intensity was increased to 47%, and the strip clear cutting mode was introduced into the multi-objective management of larch plantation for comparative verification. The differential effects of different cutting methods on animal habitat and ecosystem functions were identified, which helped the transformation of plantation to a healthy and stable natural ecosystem.
为精准量化多目标森林经营中的三大核心目标(动物友好、植物多样性、碳储量+蓄积量综合),基于林分结构、立地条件及采伐措施等预处理数据,采用多元线性回归模型(ordinary least squares,OLS)开展拟合分析[11]。通过“初始模型构建→显著变量筛选→最优模型拟合→统计学验证”的技术路线,最终确定各目标的量化公式,为后续多目标优化提供基础支撑。
不同采伐方式的总目标得分对比见图5,间伐样地平均得分(1.661 3)高于带状皆伐(1.563 5),独立样本 T 检验结果(t=4.542,P<0.01)表明二者差异达到极显著水平。间伐通过选择性保留优势木及林下植被,维持了林分结构的异质性与连续性,既保障了碳储量与蓄积量的稳定,又为动物提供了连续的栖息地与食物资源;而带状皆伐一定程度上破坏了林分连续性,虽在局部区域提升了光照条件,但整体上降低了植物多样性与栖息地质量,导致综合效益偏低,验证了间伐是研究区多目标经营的最优采伐方式。
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