To address the increasingly severe problem of electromagnetic pollution, three common broadleaf woods with significantly different densities-paulownia, basswood, and eucalyptus-were selected. Wood-based carbon materials were prepared using a high-temperature carbonization process, and the relationship between the physicochemical properties and electromagnetic shielding performance of these three materials was systematically compared. The results indicated that after carbonization, the wood retained its natural skeletal structure and porous characteristics; the carbonization process conferred electrical conductivity to the originally insulating wood, with the resulting wood-based carbon materials exhibiting a conductivity of 3.08-3.53 S·cm-1. The total shielding efficiency of all three wood-based carbon materials exceeded 20 dB, meeting the basic requirements for commercial applications. Due to differences in microstructure and density, the three wood types exhibited distinct advantages in electromagnetic shielding performance. Among them, the paulownia-based carbon, with the lowest density, was dominated by absorption loss and was suitable for green shielding applications; the basswood-based carbon, with medium density, struck a balance between absorption and reflection, demonstrating relatively balanced shielding performance; while the eucalyptus-based carbon, with the highest density, exhibited the highest shielding efficiency but had relatively strong reflection loss. This study reveals the mechanism by which density differences influence the continuity and pore structure of the conductive network after carbonization, thereby achieving the synergistic interaction between conductive loss and multiple reflection loss. It provides experimental evidence and theoretical references for the development of high-performance wood-based carbon electromagnetic shielding composites.
通过对泡桐、椴木和桉木碳化前后的扫描电镜(scanning electron microscope,SEM)图像进行对比分析,探究3种木材在碳化前后微观结构的变化。图3和图4分别为3种木材碳化前、碳化后横切面与纵切面的微观结构。对比发现原始泡桐、椴木和桉木的微观构造差异显著,这本质上是由树种的遗传特性与材性等共同决定的,也是三者密度不同的主要原因。泡桐为阔叶半环孔材,图3(a)为泡桐的横切面SEM图像,可发现泡桐导管孔径差异明显,部分导管含侵填体,木射线呈同型单列与多列交替分布,轴向薄壁组织以两细胞束为主[19];图3(b)泡桐纵切面SEM图像表明导管为单穿孔,纹孔呈互列排列[20],正是这种疏松多孔的微观结构赋予了泡桐极低的密度。椴木为阔叶散孔材,其横切面以单管孔为主、偶见径列复管孔,管孔细小均匀且无明显的侵填体,见图3(c);图3(d)为椴木的导管为单穿孔,纹孔互列排列[21]。桉木同为阔叶散孔材,由图3(e)可看出,其横切面上细胞分布均匀,管孔呈斜向单管孔排列且含侵填体[22];图3(f)中桉木的纵切面可观察到导管纹孔为封闭型附物纹孔。与泡桐相比,可发现桉木的细胞壁更厚,导管内的侵填体丰富,结构更加紧密,因此密度相比泡桐更高。而椴木的细胞结构均匀,导管腔没有泡桐和桉木直径大,但是椴木导管的分布更加均匀,且细胞壁比泡桐更厚,因此椴木的密度处于泡桐与桉木之间。
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