急性阑尾炎患者腹腔镜阑尾切除术后发生粘连性肠梗阻预测模型的建立及验证

何聪 ,  李峰 ,  郑款恒

中国内镜杂志 ›› 2025, Vol. 31 ›› Issue (08) : 18 -25.

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中国内镜杂志 ›› 2025, Vol. 31 ›› Issue (08) : 18 -25. DOI: 10.12235/E20240586
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急性阑尾炎患者腹腔镜阑尾切除术后发生粘连性肠梗阻预测模型的建立及验证

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Establishment and verification of prediction model for adhesive ileus after laparoscopic appendectomy in patients with acute appendicitis

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摘要

目的 探讨急性阑尾炎患者腹腔镜阑尾切除术(LA)后发生粘连性肠梗阻的影响因素,建立预测模型,并进行验证。 方法 回顾性分析2021年1月-2024年1月该院收治的100例接受LA治疗的急性阑尾炎患者的临床资料,按7∶3的比例随机将患者分为训练集(70例)和验证集(30例),再根据LA术后随访6个月是否发生粘连性肠梗阻,将训练集患者分为发生组(12例)和未发生组(58例),比较两组患者的临床资料,采用多因素Logistic回归模型,分析急性阑尾炎患者LA术后发生粘连性肠梗阻的独立危险因素;并构建列线图预测模型,利用Bootstrap法、校准曲线、受试者操作特征曲线(ROC curve)和决策曲线,对训练集和验证集进行预测模型性能评价。 结果 多因素Logistic回归模型结果显示,病程 > 24 h、术前白蛋白 ≤ 34 g/L、术者LA手术台数 < 60台、手术时间 > 1 h和首次下床活动时间 > 24 h是影响急性阑尾炎患者LA术后发生粘连性肠梗阻的独立危险因素(P < 0.05);在训练集与验证集中,Bootstrap法和ROC curve结果显示,该预测模型具有较好的区分度,C指数分别为0.723(95%CI:0.642~0.875)和0.706(95%CI:0.628~0.768);曲线下面积(AUC)分别为0.874(95%CI:0.625~0.924)和0.867(95%CI:0.612~0.895);拟合优度检验表明:预测模型拟合效果良好(P > 0.05);训练集与验证集的校准曲线接近于理想曲线,该预测模型准确度良好;训练集与验证集的决策曲线显示,当高风险阈值概率分别在0.10~0.80和0.25~0.48,净获益率 > 0,该列线图模型能产生较好的临床效益。 结论 急性阑尾炎患者LA术后粘连性肠梗阻的发生与病程、白蛋白水平、术者经验、手术时间和术后首次下床活动时间有关,该列线图模型,具有良好的预测效能。

Abstract

Objective To explore the influencing factors of adhesive ileus after laparoscopic appendectomy (LA) in patients with acute appendicitis, then establish and verify its prediction model. Methods 100 cases of acute appendicitis treated by LA from January 2021 to January 2024 were retrospectively analyzed. According to the ratio of 7:3, the patients were randomly divided into the training group (70 cases) and the verification group (30 cases), and then the patients in the training group were divided into the occurrence group (12 cases) and the non-occurrence group (58 cases) according to whether adhesive ileus occurred during the follow-up for 6 months after LA. The difference of clinical data between the two groups was compared, and multivariate Logistic regression method was used to analyze the independent risk factors of adhesive ileus after LA. The nomogram prediction model was constructed, and the performance of the prediction model was evaluated by Bootstrap method, calibration curve, receiver operator characteristic curve (ROC curve) and decision curve. Results The results of multivariate Logistic regression model showed that the risk factors of postoperative adhesive ileus in patients with acute appendicitis after LA were the course of disease > 24 h, preoperative albumin ≤ 34 g/L, the number of LA operating tables for LA operators < 60, the operation time > 1 h, and the time of getting out of bed for the first time after operation > 24 h were independent risk factors for adhesive ileus after LA operation (P < 0.05). In the training set and verification set, the results of Bootstrap method and ROC curve showed that the prediction model had good discrimination, and the C indexes were 0.723 (95%CI: 0.642 ~ 0.875) and 0.706 (95%CI: 0.628 ~ 0.768) respectively. AUCs were 0.874 (95%CI: 0.625 ~ 0.924) and 0.867 (95%CI: 0.612 ~ 0.895) respectively. Goodness-of-fit test showed that the prediction model had good fitting effect (P > 0.05). The calibration curves of training set and verification set were close to the ideal curve, and the prediction model had good accuracy. The decision curves of training set and verification set showed that the nomogram model could produce better clinical benefits when the threshold probability of high risk was 0.10 ~ 0.80 and 0.25 ~ 0.48 respectively, and the net benefit rate was greater than 0. Conclusion The occurrence of adhesive ileus after LA in patients with acute appendicitis is related to the course of disease, albumin level, operator experience, operation time and the first time to get out of bed after surgery. The nomogram model has good predictive performance.

Graphical abstract

关键词

急性阑尾炎 / 腹腔镜阑尾切除术(LA) / 粘连性肠梗阻 / 预测模型

Key words

acute appendicitis / laparoscopic appendectomy (LA) / adhesive ileus / prediction model

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何聪,李峰,郑款恒. 急性阑尾炎患者腹腔镜阑尾切除术后发生粘连性肠梗阻预测模型的建立及验证[J]. 中国内镜杂志, 2025, 31(08): 18-25 DOI:10.12235/E20240586

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急性阑尾炎若不能及时治疗,随着病情的进展,会引发穿孔、腹膜炎和肠粘连等并发症,导致治疗难度增加,严重威胁患者生命安全[1-3]。目前,临床主要采用腹腔镜阑尾切除术(laparoscopic appendectomy,LA)进行治疗。LA具有微创、疼痛轻微和术后恢复快等优势,但术后部分患者有粘连性肠梗阻的发生风险,不利于患者术后恢复[4-6]。因此,临床应加强评估术后发生粘连性肠梗阻的风险,对改善患者预后,具有重要意义。列线图是一种可视化医学风险预测模型,可整合不同变量在模型中所占比例,以计算风险评分,进而表达预测模型中各变量之间的相互关系[7-8]。何秀萍等[9]研究仅报道了患者术后发生粘连性肠梗阻的影响因素,并未建立预测模型并进行验证。基于此,本研究探讨了急性阑尾炎患者LA术后发生粘连性肠梗阻的风险因素,构建列线图预测模型并进行验证,以期为临床采取预防措施,提供参考。

1 资料与方法

1.1 一般资料

回顾性分析2021年1月-2024年1月本院收治的100例接受LA治疗的急性阑尾炎患者的临床资料,按7∶3的比例,采用随机数表法将患者分为训练集(70例)和验证集(30例)。训练集中,男43例,女27例;平均年龄为(54.32±8.48)岁,体重指数(body mass index,BMI)为(22.15±1.42)kg/m2;验证集中,男20例,女10例,平均年龄为(50.64±8.75)岁,BMI为(21.86±1.29)kg/m2。两组患者性别、年龄和BMI等一般资料比较,差异均无统计学意义(P > 0.05),具有可比性。见表1

纳入标准:经术后病理组织学检查证实为阑尾炎,并符合诊断标准[10];伴有腹痛、麦氏点固定压痛,或者伴发热和恶心呕吐等症状;为首次发病,行LA手术时间在发病72 h内;随访资料完整。排除标准:既往有腹部手术史,或阑尾炎反复发作史;合并血液系统、自身免疫缺陷、营养不良和/或急慢性感染疾病者;合并精神系统疾病和/或恶性肿瘤等。本研究已通过医院伦理委员会的审批(伦理批件号:NSYKYLL-2024-76)。

1.2 方法

1.2.1 粘连性肠梗阻处理方法

先予以减压、禁饮和纠正水电解质紊乱等处理,若48 h后患者仍无好转或继发绞窄性梗阻等,立即转为手术。

1.2.2 术后随访

所有训练集患者术后采用电话和门诊复查等形式随访6个月,依据粘连性肠梗阻诊断标准[11],将训练集患者中,发生粘连性肠梗阻的纳入发生组(12例),未发生粘连性肠梗阻的纳入未发生组(58例)。

1.3 观察指标

收集患者临床资料(包括:性别、年龄、BMI、病程)、病理类型、体温、心率、白细胞计数、术前白蛋白、术前电解质紊乱、术者经验、手术时间、留置腹腔引流管、切口类型、使用防粘连制剂、首次下床活动时间、住院时间、切口甲级愈合率、24 h肛门排气率和腹腔残余感染率等。

1.4 统计学方法

采用SPSS 26.0和R 4.1.2统计学软件分析数据。计量资料以均数±标准差(x¯±s)表示,比较采用独立样本t检验;计数资料以例(%)表示,比较采用χ2检验;采用多因素Logistic回归模型,分析急性阑尾炎患者LA术后发生粘连性肠梗阻的独立危险因素。构建列线图模型,并采用校准曲线、Hosmer-Lemeshow检验、受试者操作特征曲线(receiver operator characteristic curve,ROC curve)和决策曲线等,评估风险预测模型的效能。P < 0.05为差异有统计学意义。

2 结果

2.1 影响急性阑尾炎患者LA术后发生粘连性肠梗阻的单因素分析

发生组中,病程 > 24 h占比、术前白蛋白降低率、操作者LA手术台数 < 60台占比、手术时间 > 1 h占比和首次下床活动时间 > 24 h占比明显高于未发生组,差异均有统计学意义(P < 0.05);发生组与未发生组性别、年龄、BMI、病理类型、体温、心率、白细胞计数升高率、术前电解质紊乱、切口类型、留置腹腔引流管、使用防粘连制剂、住院时间、切口甲级愈合、24 h肛门排气和腹腔残余感染率比较,差异均无统计学意义(P > 0.05)。见表2

2.2 影响急性阑尾炎患者LA术后发生粘连性肠梗阻的多因素Logistic回归分析

以急性阑尾炎患者LA术后是否发生粘连性肠梗阻(否 = 0,是 = 1)为因变量,将单因素分析中差异有统计学意义(P < 0.05)的因素 [ 病程( ≤ 24 h = 0, > 24 h = 1)、术前白蛋白( > 34 g/L = 0,≤ 34 g/L = 1)、操作者经验(LA手术台数 ≥ 60台 = 0,LA手术台数 < 60台 = 1)、手术时间(≤ 1 h = 0, > 1 h = 1)和首次下床活动时间(≤ 24 h = 0, > 24 h = 1)]为自变量,纳入多因素Logistic回归模型(引入水准为0.05),结果显示:病程 > 24 h(OR^ =3.618,95%CI:1.326~9.870)、术前白蛋白 ≤ 34 g/L(OR^ = 3.831,95%CI:1.531~9.586)、操作者LA手术台数 < 60台(OR^ = 3.053,95%CI:1.430~6.518)、手术时间 > 1 h(OR^ = 3.501,95%CI

1.455~8.423)和首次下床活动时间 > 24 h(OR^ =3.622,95%CI:1.544~8.496)是急性阑尾炎患者LA术后发生粘连性肠梗阻的独立危险因素(P < 0.05)。见表3

2.3 列线图预测模型建立及验证

基于多因素Logistic回归分析结果,将危险因素进行整合并纳入Logistic回归拟合方程[logit(P) = -2.591 + 1.286×病程 > 24 h + 1.343×术前白蛋白 ≤ 34 g/L + 1.116×操作者LA手术台数 < 60台 + 1.253×手术时间 > 1 h + 1.287×首次下床活动时间 > 24 h],构建急性阑尾炎患者LA术后发生粘连性肠梗阻危险因素的列线图预测模型(图1)。在训练集与验证集中,Bootstrap法和ROC curve结果显示,该预测模型具有较好的区分度,C指数分别为:0.723(95%CI:0.642~0.875)和0.706(95%CI:0.628~0.768);曲线下面积(area under the curve,AUC)分别为0.874(95%CI:0.625~0.924)和0.867(95%CI:0.612~0.895);Hosmer-Lemeshow拟合优度检验显示:该预测模型拟合效果良好(P > 0.05);训练集与验证集的校准曲线接近于理想曲线,该预测模型准确度良好;训练集与验证集的决策曲线显示,当高风险阈值概率分别为0.10~0.80和0.25~0.48,净获益率 > 0,该列线图模型能产生较好的临床效益。见图2~4

3 讨论

3.1 LA治疗急性阑尾炎的临床应用现状

有研究[12-13]指出,阑尾炎的发病原因与自身血供、阑尾腔堵塞、病原菌感染和其他理化因素有关。近年来,急性阑尾炎的发病率呈逐年上升的趋势[14]。随着医疗技术的发展,LA已广泛应用于急性阑尾炎的治疗中,但术后粘连性肠梗阻的发生率较高[15-16]。粘连性肠梗阻为急性阑尾炎术后较为严重的并发症,可导致术后不良结局,必要时,应及早行手术治疗[17]。本研究结果显示,LA术后出现粘连性肠梗阻 12例,发生率为17.14%,这提示:急性阑尾炎患者LA术后粘连性肠梗阻发生率较高。因此,临床应尽早识别急性阑尾炎患者LA术后发生粘连性肠梗阻的影响因素,对患者术后制订预防和干预措施,尤为重要。

3.2 急性阑尾炎患者LA术后发生粘连性肠梗阻的原因

本研究结果显示,病程 > 24 h、术前白蛋白 ≤ 34 g/L、手术时间 > 1 h和首次下床活动时间 > 24 h是急性阑尾炎患者LA术后发生粘连性肠梗阻的独立危险因素。究其原因为:1)病程的长短,主要取决于急性阑尾炎的病情严重程度和腹膜受损情况,术后早期可引发炎性水肿,而非术后粘连性肠梗阻,但随着病程的延长,急性阑尾炎逐渐进展为坏疽性或穿孔性阑尾炎,加剧炎症反应,从而造成纤维蛋白渗出和沉积,形成纤维网络粘连带,并逐渐发展为粘连性肠梗阻[18];2)急性阑尾炎会大量释放炎症因子和介质,破坏腹膜间纤维蛋白原的溶解和释放过程,加上手术操作本身会对腹膜造成损伤,于肠管间聚集较多纤维蛋白原,从而导致术后粘连性肠梗阻的发生[19];3)LA手术中需要剥离肠管,对于手术经验丰富的术者,手术时操作动作更加精细,可避免牵拉和撕扯肠管而造成肠道损伤,若有异物遗留于手术部位,可能会增加术后并发症的发生[20],术者应不断提高LA手术操作水平,有助于减少术后粘连性肠梗阻的发生;4)急性阑尾炎发生坏疽或穿孔,会导致手术时间延长,增加肠管机械性刺激,使患者的体液和热量大量丢失,增加术后粘连性肠梗阻的发生风险[21];5)LA术后患者受到伤口疼痛的影响,不愿尽早下床活动,这不利于胃肠蠕动和肛门排便排气,进而影响胃肠道消化吸收功能,增加了肠麻痹的发生风险,进而导致粘连性肠梗阻的发生[22-23]

3.3 列线图预测模型的应用价值

将多因素Logistic回归分析中的独立危险因素进行可视化分析,建立列线图预测模型。在训练集和验证集中,通过Bootstrap验证法、校准曲线、Hosmer-Lemeshow拟合优度检验、ROC curve和决策曲线进行验证,结果均表明:该列线图模型,具有良好的预测效能,这与文献[24-25]报道的结果一致。因此,临床可结合上述危险因素,初步评估急性阑尾炎患者LA术后粘连性肠梗阻的发生风险,尽早制订个体化干预方案,有助于降低粘连性肠梗阻的发生风险。但既往研究[26]还表明,阑尾穿孔、留置腹腔引流管、24 h肛门未排气和腹腔残余感染是急性阑尾炎患者LA术后发生粘连性肠梗阻的独立危险因素,这与本研究结果有所不同。其一,样本特征与病例选择差异:本研究训练集中粘连性肠梗阻仅发生12例,样本量相对较小,可能对低发生率危险因素的识别能力有限;而既往研究纳入了更大样本量;其二,手术及围术期管理差异:本研究将术者LA手术台数作为独立危险因素,提示术者操作熟练度对术后粘连的影响;而既往研究未严格区分术者经验,或术者整体操作水平较一致,可能更易捕捉到腹腔残余感染等与手术并发症直接相关的因素;同时,本研究强调术后首次下床活动时间的影响,可能与该中心更注重早期活动干预有关,而既往研究中术后活动管理较宽松,该因素的作用被弱化,24 h肛门未排气等肠道功能恢复指标,则更易成为危险因素。

3.4 本研究的局限性

本研究纳入样本量较小,可能存在选择偏倚或回忆偏倚,且为单中心回顾性分析,未来可扩大样本量,并开展多中心前瞻性分析进行深入验证。

综上所述,急性阑尾炎患者LA术后粘连性肠梗阻的发生与病程、白蛋白水平、术者经验、手术时间和首次下床活动时间有关,列线图模型具有良好的预测效能。

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