内镜黏膜下剥离术后早期胃癌患者迟发性出血的危险因素及其预测价值研究

郭金玲 ,  张秀宁 ,  刘路 ,  张旭磊 ,  李丹 ,  高贺千

中国内镜杂志 ›› 2025, Vol. 31 ›› Issue (09) : 62 -68.

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中国内镜杂志 ›› 2025, Vol. 31 ›› Issue (09) : 62 -68. DOI: 10.12235/E20240737
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内镜黏膜下剥离术后早期胃癌患者迟发性出血的危险因素及其预测价值研究

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Risk factors for delayed hemorrhage in patients with early gastric carcinoma after endoscopic submucosal dissection and its predictive value

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摘要

目的 分析内镜黏膜下剥离术(ESD)后早期胃癌(EGC)患者迟发性出血的危险因素及其预测模型的应用价值。 方法 回顾性分析2019年7月-2024年3月该院收治的386例行ESD治疗的EGC患者的临床资料,术后均接受短期(术后24 h~30 d)随访,根据是否发生迟发性出血,将患者分为发生组(50例)和未发生组(336例)。采用多因素Logistic回归模型,分析影响EGC患者ESD后发生迟发性出血的独立危险因素,并绘制受试者操作特征曲线(ROC curve),分析其预测价值。 结果 发生组贲门胃底、病灶直径 ≥ 3 cm、黏膜下纤维化、黏膜下粗大血管和有溃疡或瘢痕的占比明显高于未发生组,差异均有统计学意义(P < 0.05)。多因素Logistic回归分析(引入水准为0.05)结果显示:病灶位置为贲门胃底(OR^ = 1.088,95%CI:1.040~1.138)、病灶直径 ≥ 3 cm(OR^ = 1.095,95%CI:1.057~1.135)、黏膜下纤维化(OR^ = 1.130,95%CI:1.061~1.203)、黏膜下粗大血管(OR^ = 1.177,95%CI:1.116~1.241)和有溃疡或瘢痕(OR^ = 1.082,95%CI:1.057~1.108)是影响EGC患者ESD后发生迟发性出血的独立危险因素(P < 0.05)。建立预测模型:Logit(P) = -9.238 + 病灶位置为贲门胃底×0.084+病灶直径≥3 cm×0.091+黏膜下纤维化×0.122 + 黏膜下粗大血管×0.163 + 有溃疡或瘢痕×0.079(P < 0.05),似然比χ2 = 131.09,DF = 8,P < 0.05,说明构建的预测模型有效。Hosmer-Lemeshow拟合优度检验显示,预测模型的拟合效果较好(P > 0.05)。ROC curve显示:截断值为12.00时,曲线下面积(AUC)为0.929,敏感度为88.00%(95%CI:0.757~0.955),特异度为83.04%(95%CI:0.786~0.869)。 结论 接受ESD治疗的EGC患者,术后发生迟发性出血与病灶为贲门胃底、病灶直径 ≥ 3 cm、黏膜下纤维化、黏膜下粗大血管和有溃疡或瘢痕有关,据此构建的预测模型,预测价值较高。

Abstract

Objective To analyze the risk factors for delayed hemorrhage in patients with early gastric carcinoma (EGC) after endoscopic submucosal dissection (ESD), as well as to explore the predictive value of predictive models. Methods The clinical data of 386 EGC treated with ESD patients from July 2019 to March 2024 were retrospectively analyzed. They were followed up for a short period of time (24 h~30 d postoperatively) after ESD, and were divided into the group of occurrence (50 cases) and the group of non-occurrence (336 cases) according to the occurrence or non-occurrence of delayed hemorrhage. To understand the clinical data of the patients, multivariate Logistic regression was used to analyze the risk factors for delayed hemorrhage in patients with EGC after ESD, and plot receiver operating characteristic curve (ROC curve) to analyze the predicted value. Results The proportions of cardia gastric fundus, lesion diameter ≥ 3 cm, submucosa with fibrosis, coarse blood vessels, and having ulcer or scar in the occurrence group were significantly higher than those in the non-occurrence group, the differences were statistically significant (P < 0.05). The results of multivariate Logistic regression analysis (with an introduction level of 0.05) showed that the lesion location was cardia-gastric fundus (OR^ = 1.088, 95%CI: 1.040 ~ 1.138), the diameter of the lesion was ≥ 3 cm (OR^ = 1.095, 95%CI: 1.057 ~ 1.135), and fibrosis under the mucosa (OR^ = 1.130, 95%CI: 1.061 ~ 1.203), thick blood vessels under the mucosa (OR^ = 1.177, 95%CI: 1.116 ~ 1.241), and the presence of ulcer or scar (OR^ = 1.082, 95%CI: 1.057 ~ 1.108) were the risk factors for the occurrence of delayed hemorrhage in patients with EGC after ESD (P < 0.05). A prediction model was established: Logit (P) = -9.238 + Location of lesion as cardia-gastric fundus × 0.084 + Diameter of lesion ≥ 3 cm×0.091 + Submucosal with fibrosis × 0.122 + Submucosal with thick blood vessels × 0.163 + Ulcer or scar×0.079 (P < 0.05), the likelihood ratio test yielded χ² = 131.09, DF = 8, P < 0.05, which indicated that the constructed prediction model was valid. Hosmer- Lemeshow goodness-of-fit test showed a good model fit (P > 0.05). The ROC curve showed an area under the curve (AUC) value of 0.929 at a cutoff value of 12.00, with a sensitivity of 88.00% (95%CI: 0.757 ~ 0.955) and a specificity of 83.04% (95%CI: 0.780 ~ 0.869). Conclusion Postoperative delayed hemorrhage in patients with EGC treated with ESD is associated with cardia-gastric fundus, lesion diameter ≥3 cm, submucosal fibrosis, thick blood vessels, and the presence of ulcer or scar, and the prediction value of the prediction model constructed accordingly is good.

Graphical abstract

关键词

早期胃癌(EGC) / 内镜黏膜下剥离术(ESD) / 迟发性出血 / 危险因素 / 预测价值

Key words

early gastric carcinoma (EGC) / endoscopic submucosal dissection (ESD) / delayed hemorrhage / risk factors / predictive value

引用本文

引用格式 ▾
郭金玲,张秀宁,刘路,张旭磊,李丹,高贺千. 内镜黏膜下剥离术后早期胃癌患者迟发性出血的危险因素及其预测价值研究[J]. 中国内镜杂志, 2025, 31(09): 62-68 DOI:10.12235/E20240737

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胃癌(gastric cancer,GC)是消化道常见的肿瘤之一。有文献[1]报道显示,GC在中国癌症发病率和死亡率中排名第三,分别占全球GC新增病例和GC相关死亡病例的44.0%和48.6%,若未及时诊治,将严重威胁患者的身体健康和生命安全。因此,迫切需要针对GC的早期预防和筛查策略。目前,临床治疗早期胃癌(early gastric carcinoma,EGC)的主要手段为内镜黏膜下剥离术(endoscopic submucosal dissection,ESD),其通过切除病灶组织来有效地抑制肿瘤进展[2]。然而,ESD的术后并发症,如:迟发性出血,是影响EGC患者预后的关键因素[3]。EGC患者ESD后一旦发生迟发性出血,会加重病情,增加治疗负担[4]。因此,有效地分析EGC患者ESD后发生迟发性出血的因素,意义重大。既往国内外虽已有文献[5-6]报道了GC术后发生迟发性出血的危险因素,但尚无统一定论。基于此,本研究旨在探究EGC患者ESD后发生迟发性出血的危险因素,以期为临床提供参考。

1 资料与方法

1.1 一般资料

回顾性分析2019年7月-2024年3月河北省第七人民医院收治的386例行ESD治疗的EGC患者的临床资料。根据是否发生迟发性出血,将患者分为发生组(50例)和未发生组(336例)。

纳入标准:符合《中国早期胃癌筛查及内镜诊治共识意见(2014年,长沙)》[7]中EGC的诊断标准;病理检查为分化型黏膜内癌;年龄 ≥ 18岁;接受ESD治疗,且由同一组医师完成手术;接受短期(术后24 h~30 d)随访者;临床资料完整。排除标准:病理检查提示胃肠间质瘤、平滑肌瘤和/或神经内分泌肿瘤;既往有放疗和化疗治疗史,以及胃恶性肿瘤手术史;伴其他部位恶性肿瘤。河北省第七人民医院伦理委员会已批准本研究(伦理批件号:2022-KY-06)。

1.2 方法

1.2.1 临床资料收集

经河北省第七人民医院电子病历系统,收集体重指数(body mass index,BMI)、年龄、性别、糖尿病、冠心病、高血压、脑梗死、病灶位置、病灶形态、病灶数目、病灶直径、病灶深度、黏膜下纤维化、黏膜下粗大血管、累及淋巴管、累及脉管、溃疡或瘢痕、长期使用抗凝药物和手术时间等临床资料。

1.2.2 术后随访

所选患者ESD后均接受短期(术后24 h~30 d)随访,随访方式包括:门诊、住院或电话随访等。详细记录随访情况,判断是否发生迟发性出血。

1.3 迟发性出血判断标准

血压降低 > 20 mmHg,心率加快 > 20次/min;术后伴有呕血、便血、黑便和头晕等表现;内镜检查显示手术部位溃疡出血;术后血红蛋白降低 > 20 g/L。伴有以上症状 ≥ 2种,即可判断为迟发性出血[8]

1.4 统计学方法

采用SPSS 26.0统计学软件分析数据。计数资料以例(%)表示,比较用χ2检验。采用多因素Logistic回归模型分析EGC患者ESD后发生迟发性出血的独立危险因素,依据多因素分析结果得到Logit(P)的回归方程,似然比χ2 评估回归方程,Hosmer-Lemeshow拟合优度检验回归方程模型拟合度,并绘制受试者操作特征曲线(receiver operating characteristic curve,ROC curve),分析其预测价值。P < 0.05为差异有统计学意义。

2 结果

2.1 两组患者临床资料比较

发生组BMI、年龄、性别、糖尿病、冠心病、高血压、脑梗死、病灶形态、病灶数目、病灶深度、累及淋巴管、累及脉管、长期使用抗凝药物和手术时间比较,差异均无统计学意义(P > 0.05);发生组贲门胃底、病灶直径 ≥ 3 cm、黏膜下纤维化、黏膜下粗大血管和有溃疡或瘢痕的占比明显高于未发生组,差异均有统计学意义(P < 0.05)。见表1

2.2 EGC患者ESD后发生迟发性出血的多因素Logistic回归分析

以迟发性出血发生情况(未发生 = 0,发生 = 1)为因变量,将单因素分析中差异有统计学意义(P < 0.05)的[病灶位置(胃体、胃角和胃窦 = 0,贲门胃底 = 1)、病灶直径( < 3 cm = 0,≥3 cm = 1)、黏膜下纤维化(无 = 0,有 = 1)、黏膜下粗大血管(无 = 0,有 = 1)和溃疡或瘢痕(无 = 0,有 = 1)]为自变量,进行多因素Logistic回归分析(引入水准为0.05),结果显示:病灶位置为贲门胃底(OR^ = 1.088,95%CI:1.040~1.138)、病灶直径 ≥ 3 cm(OR^ = 1.095,95%CI:1.057~1.135)、黏膜下纤维化(OR^ = 1.130,95%CI:1.061~1.203)、黏膜下粗大血管(OR^ = 1.177,95%CI:1.116~1.241)和有溃疡或瘢痕(OR^ = 1.082,95%CI:1.057~1.108)是EGC患者ESD后发生迟发性出血的独立危险因素(P < 0.05)。见表2

2.3 EGC患者ESD后发生迟发性出血的预测模型构建及其价值

2.3.1 预测模型的构建

以病灶位置为贲门胃底、病灶直径≥3 cm、黏膜下纤维化、黏膜下粗大血管和有溃疡或瘢痕,纳入多因素Logistic回归模型的变量,建立预测模型:Logit(P) = -9.238+病灶位置为贲门胃底×0.084 + 病灶直径≥3 cm×0.091 + 黏膜下纤维化×0.122+黏膜下粗大血管×0.163 + 有溃疡或瘢痕×0.079,似然比χ2 = 131.09,DF = 8,P < 0.05,说明构建的预测模型有效。Hosmer-Lemeshow拟合优度检验显示,模型拟合效果较好(P > 0.05)。

2.3.2 预测模型的价值

ROC curve显示:截断值为12.00时,曲线下面积(area under the curve,AUC)为0.929,敏感度为88.00%(95%CI:0.757~0.955),特异度为83.04%(95%CI:0.786~0.869)。见图1

3 讨论

3.1 EGC的临床发展现状

近年来,有研究[9]发现,EGC的发病率和死亡率呈逐年上升趋势,对患者生命造成严重威胁。ESD是临床治疗EGC的常用手段之一。其虽然能够有效地抑制肿瘤的发生和发展,但由于手术难度大和耗时长等,患者术后并发迟发性出血的风险仍较高[10-11]。迟发性出血会导致患者病情进一步加重,甚至危及生命[12]。因此,积极分析接受ESD治疗的EGC患者术后发生迟发性出血的危险因素,显得尤为重要。

3.2 EGC患者ESD后发生迟发性出血的危险因素及其原因

本研究发现,病灶位置为贲门胃底、病灶直径≥3 cm、黏膜下纤维化、黏膜下粗大血管和有溃疡或瘢痕是EGC患者ESD后发生迟发性出血的独立危险因素。病灶位置为贲门胃底(OR^ = 1.088,95%CI:1.040~1.138)是独立危险因素之一,这与陈静等[13]报道的结果相符。分析原因为:贲门胃底位置血管分布较多,该位置基层菲薄,缺少浆膜,且手术操作空间小,操作难度较大,常导致患者手术时间延长,进而继发迟发性出血[14]。病灶直径 ≥ 3 cm(OR^ = 1.095,95%CI:1.057~1.135)也是危险因素之一。病灶直径较大的EGC患者,其病灶及周围血管丰富,ESD中剥离的面积相对较大,且剥离深度较深,进而易增加患者术后发生迟发性出血的概率[15-16]。黏膜下纤维化(OR^ = 1.130,95%CI:1.061~1.203)也是独立危险因素之一。黏膜下纤维化会在一定程度上增加EGC患者ESD的难度,如:造成黏膜下固有肌层与黏膜层的分离难度增加,导致手术时间延长,在剥离期间,黏膜下纤维化的组织易对血管造成损伤,干扰术者检查隐藏的血管,增加术后迟发性出血的发生概率[1117]。黏膜下粗大血管(OR^ = 1.177,95%CI:1.116~1.241)也是危险因素之一。黏膜下若有粗大血管,会增加操作难度,ESD过程中易造成血管损伤,进而增加EGC患者术后发生迟发性出血的概率[14]。NAGAMI等[18]报道发现,黏膜下粗大血管越丰富,迟发性出血风险越高,本研究也支持此观点。有溃疡或瘢痕(OR^ = 1.082,95%CI:1.057~1.108)也是迟发性出血的独立危险因素之一。溃疡或瘢痕的存在,可能会引起纤维化,且溃疡或瘢痕区域血管分布较多,可能会干扰术者在ESD过程中检查黏膜下血管,从而增加发生迟发性出血的概率[19]

3.3 EGC患者ESD后发生迟发性出血的预测模型的应用价值

为进一步指导临床应用,本研究构建了EGC患者ESD后迟发性出血的预测模型,结果显示:在截断值为12.00时,AUC为0.929,敏感度为88.00%,特异度为83.04%,模型的拟合水平较好,这说明:该模式适用于临床。目前,国内关于EGC患者ESD后发生迟发性出血的预测模型的报道较少。本研究构建的预测模型,AUC、敏感度和特异度均较高,临床应用效果满意。借助该预测模型,临床医师可以准确地评估 EGC患者ESD后发生迟发性出血的概率,有助于医师做出临床决策,以早期预防迟发性出血,减轻患者痛苦,提高患者生活质量。

3.4 本研究的局限性

本研究受研究条件和经费等制约,存在以下不足:病例数纳入有限,难以避免选择偏倚;为回顾性研究,样本统计过程中可能存在信息误差;随访时间较短,所得结论仍需证实。下一步需尽可能弥补上述局限,开展更大样本量的前瞻性随机对照试验,进一步验证本研究结果。

综上所述, EGC患者ESD后发生迟发性出血与病灶为贲门胃底、病灶直径 ≥ 3 cm、黏膜下纤维化、黏膜下粗大血管和有溃疡或瘢痕等有关,据此构建的预测模型,能够较好地预测迟发性出血的发生风险。

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