不同剂量瑞马唑仑在老年肥胖患者无痛胃镜检查中的效果比较

黎家鹏 ,  张娜娜 ,  周淑娟 ,  刘将

中国内镜杂志 ›› 2026, Vol. 32 ›› Issue (02) : 70 -76.

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中国内镜杂志 ›› 2026, Vol. 32 ›› Issue (02) : 70 -76. DOI: 10.12235/E20250218
论 著

不同剂量瑞马唑仑在老年肥胖患者无痛胃镜检查中的效果比较

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Comparative of the effects of different doses of remifentanil in painless gastroscopy for the aged obese

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摘要

目的 探究不同剂量瑞马唑仑用于老年肥胖患者无痛胃镜检查的临床效果。 方法 选择2024年1月-2024年6月于该院择期行无痛胃镜检查的老年肥胖患者160例。采用随机数表法分组:P组(丙泊酚,40例)、R1组(瑞马唑仑0.20 mg/kg,40例)、R2组(瑞马唑仑0.30 mg/kg,40例)和R3组(瑞马唑仑0.40 mg/kg,40例)。对比4组患者麻醉相关情况和不良反应发生率;记录4组患者麻醉诱导前、进镜3 min后和检查结束时的血流动力学指标。 结果 与P组和R1组相比,R2组和R3组镇静起效时间更短,差异均有统计学意义(P < 0.05);R3组苏醒时间长于P组、R1组和R2组,差异均有统计学意义(P < 0.05);与P组和R3组相比,R1组和R2组恢复室观察时间更短,差异均有统计学意义(P < 0.05);与P组和R1组相比,R2组和R3组补救镇静次数更少,差异均有统计学意义(P < 0.05)。4组患者诱导前、进镜3 min后和检查结束时心率(HR)、收缩压(SBP)、舒张压(DBP)和经皮动脉血氧饱和度(SpO2)比较,差异均无统计学意义(P > 0.05)。P组低血压、呼吸抑制、注射痛和心动过缓发生率明显高于R1组、R2组和R3组,差异均有统计学意义(P < 0.05),R1组、R2组和R3组低血压、呼吸抑制、注射痛和心痛过缓发生率比较,差异均无统计学意义(P > 0.05)。 结论 瑞马唑仑用于老年肥胖患者无痛胃镜检查,较丙泊酚可以降低不良反应发生率。当瑞马唑仑剂量达到0.30 mg/kg时,即可缩短麻醉起效时间和恢复室观察时间,减少补救镇静次数。值得应用于临床。

Abstract

Objective To explore the clinical effects of different doses of remimazolam in painless gastroscopy for the aged obese. Methods 160 aged obese patients who were scheduled to undergo painless gastroscopy from January 2024 to June 2024 were selected. The random number method was used for grouping: group P (propofol, 40 cases), group R1 (remimazolam 0.20 mg/kg, 40 cases), group R2 (remimazolam 0.30 mg/kg, 40 cases), and group R3 (remimazolam 0.40 mg/kg, 40 cases). Compare the anesthesia-related conditions and the incidence of adverse reactions among the four groups of patients; The hemodynamic indicators of the four groups of patients before anesthesia induction, 3 minutes after endoscopy insertion and at the end of the examination were recorded. Results Compared with group P and group R1, the onset time of sedation in group R2 and group R3 was shorter, and the differences were statistically significant (P < 0.05). The recovery time of group R3 was longer than that of group P, group R1 and group R2, and the differences were statistically significant (P < 0.05). Compared with group P and group R3, the observation time in the recovery room of group R1 and group R2 was shorter, and the differences were statistically significant (P < 0.05). Compared with group P and group R1, group R2 and group R3 had fewer times of remedial sedation, and the differences were statistically significant (P < 0.05). There were no statistically significant differences in heart rate (HR), systolic blood pressure (SBP), diastolic blood pressure (DBP), and percutaneous arterial oxygen saturation (SpO2) among the four groups of patients before induction, 3 minutes after endoscopy insertion, and at the end of the examination (P > 0.05). The incidences of hypotension, respiratory depression, injection pain and bradycardia in group P were significantly higher than those in group R1, group R2 and group R3, and the differences were statistically significant (P < 0.05). There were no statistically significant differences in the incidences of hypotension, respiratory depression, injection pain and bradycardia among group R1, group R2 and group R3 (P > 0.05). Conclusion Remimazolam used for painless gastroscopy in the aged obese patients can reduce the incidence of adverse reactions compared with propofol. When the dose of remifentanil reaches 0.30 mg/kg, the onset time of anesthesia and the observation time in the recovery room can be shortened, and the number of remedial sedations can be reduced. It is worth applying in clinical practice.

关键词

瑞马唑仑 / 无痛胃镜检查 / 老年 / 肥胖 / 丙泊酚 / 不良反应

Key words

remimazolam / painless gastroscopy / the aged / obesity / propofol / adverse reaction

引用本文

引用格式 ▾
黎家鹏,张娜娜,周淑娟,刘将. 不同剂量瑞马唑仑在老年肥胖患者无痛胃镜检查中的效果比较[J]. 中国内镜杂志, 2026, 32(02): 70-76 DOI:10.12235/E20250218

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随着老年人口的不断增加,消化系统疾病发生率呈升高趋势[1]。无痛消化内镜具有安全、舒适和简便等优点,是老年人消化道疾病的常用检查方法[2]。但是,老年患者常合并基础疾病,机体机能的衰退,导致麻醉耐受性差,易增加术后并发症发生风险[3-4]。尤其合并肥胖的老年患者,肺功能储备能力降低,肺顺应性较差,易出现认知功能障碍和低氧血症等并发症[5]。瑞马唑仑是苯二氮䓬类新型麻醉药,具有起效速度快、对肝肾功能影响小和呼吸抑制轻微等特点,已广泛应用于无痛胃肠镜检查中[6]。目前,临床关于瑞马唑仑在不同人群中的最佳使用剂量仍无统一结论[7]。本研究通过比较不同剂量瑞马唑仑在老年肥胖患者中的应用效果,旨在为临床提供参考依据。

1 资料与方法

1.1 一般资料

选择2024年1月-2024年6月于本院择期行无痛胃镜诊疗的老年肥胖患者160例。其中,男59例,女101例;年龄60~74岁,平均(65.49±3.33)岁;美国麻醉医师协会(American Society of Anesthesiologists,ASA)分级Ⅰ级120例,Ⅱ级40例。采用随机数表法分组:P组(丙泊酚,40例)、R1组(瑞马唑仑0.20 mg/kg,40例)、R2组(瑞马唑仑0.30 mg/kg,40例)、R3组(瑞马唑仑0.40 mg/kg,40例)。4组患者年龄、性别、体重指数(body mass index,BMI)、ASA分级、糖尿病、高血压和冠心病等一般资料比较,差异均无统计学意义(P > 0.05),具有可比性。见表1

纳入标准:年龄 ≥ 60岁;BMI ≥ 28 kg/m2;ASA分级为Ⅰ级或Ⅱ级;接受无痛胃镜检查;对本研究知情,并签署知情同意书。排除标准:呼吸或循环功能障碍者;严重感染者;消化系统穿孔或出血者;恶性肿瘤者;误吸或消化道异物者;麻醉失败者。本研究经医院伦理委员会审批通过。

1.2 方法

1.2.1 样本量计算

本研究样本量计数设定以镇静起效时间为主要结局,根据文献[8],瑞马唑仑和丙泊酚起效时间差约为7.5 s,瑞马唑仑在0.20~0.40 mg/kg范围内,每增加0.05 mg/kg,起效时间缩短1.0~2.0 s。设定双侧检验显著性水平经Bonferroni校正为α’ = 0.00833,把握度1-β = 0.80。以δ = 8 s、σ = 7 s估算,Bonferroni校正后,每组约需40例病例,共计160例病例。

1.2.2 麻醉前准备

患者入室后,持续监测心电图、心率(heart rate,HR)、收缩压(systolic blood pressure,SBP)、舒张压(diastolic blood pressure,DBP)和经皮动脉血氧饱和度(percutaneous arterial oxygen saturation,SpO2),予以面罩吸氧(2 L/min),口服盐酸达克罗宁胶浆10 mL,静脉注射舒芬太尼5 μg。

1.2.3 麻醉方法

P组静脉推注丙泊酚1.50 mg/kg;R1组、R2组和R3组分别静脉注射瑞马唑仑0.20、0.30和0.40 mg/kg。采用改良警觉/镇静评分(modified observer’s assessment of alertness/sedation scale,MOAA/S)[9],评估麻醉效果,当MOAA/S < 2分时开始进镜。若术中MOAA/S≥3分,P组追加丙泊酚0.50 mg/kg,R1组、R2组和R3组追加瑞马唑仑5.0 mg。追加后,MOAA/S仍≥3分为镇静失败。

1.2.4 术中处理

术中SBP较基线下降 > 20%时,静脉注射麻黄碱3 mg;呼吸频率 < 10次/min,或SpO2 < 90%时,行面罩加压给氧;HR ≤ 50次/min时,静脉注射阿托品0.2 mg。呼吸道管理:采用头高斜坡位或左侧卧位,SpO2 < 90%时,立即托下颌并采用鼻咽通气道,以提高氧流量,持续低氧或通气不足时,迅速升级至喉罩通气,必要时,行气管插管机械通气。

1.2.5 苏醒期处理

苏醒期维持侧卧位或半坐位,持续供氧至SpO2稳定(≥95%)且气道反射恢复后,离室。

1.3 观察指标

1.3.1 麻醉相关指标

包括:镇静起效时间、检查时间、苏醒时间、恢复室观察时间和补救镇静次数。

1.3.2 血流动力学指标

于麻醉诱导前、进镜3 min后和检查结束时,记录HR、SBP、DBP和SpO2

1.3.3 不良反应

包括:低血压、呼吸抑制、注射痛和心动过缓[10]

1.4 统计学方法

采用SPSS 24.0统计学软件分析数据。符合正态分布的计量资料以均数±标准差(x¯±s)表示,多组间比较采用方差分析,进一步两两比较,采用Bonferroni检验,校正后以P < 0.008为差异有统计学意义。计数资料以例或百分率(%)表示,比较采用χ2检验。P < 0.05为差异有统计学意义。

2 结果

2.1 4组患者麻醉相关情况比较

与P组和R1组相比,R2组和R3组镇静起效时间更短,差异均有统计学意义(P < 0.05);R3组苏醒时间长于P组、R1组和R2组,差异均有统计学意义(P < 0.05);与P组和R3组相比,R1组和R2组恢复室观察时间更短,差异均有统计学意义(P < 0.05);与P组和R1组相比,R2组和R3组补救镇静次数更少,差异均有统计学意义(P < 0.05)。见表2

2.2 4组患者血流动力学指标比较

4组患者诱导前、进镜3 min后和检查结束时,HR、SBP、DBP和SpO2比较,差异均无统计学意义(P > 0.05)。见表3

2.3 4组患者不良反应比较

P组低血压、呼吸抑制、注射痛和心动过缓发生率明显高于R1组、R2组和R3组,差异均有统计学意义(P < 0.05);R1组、R2组和R3组低血压、呼吸抑制、注射痛和心痛过缓发生率比较,差异均无统计学意义(P > 0.05)。见表4

3 讨论

3.1 老年肥胖患者无痛胃镜检查的临床应用现状

老年人是消化道疾病的高发人群。消化内镜具有快速、准确和简便的优点,是老年人消化道疾病的常用诊疗方法。无痛胃镜因其舒适性的优势,是老年人消化道疾病诊疗的重要方式[11]。麻醉状态下胃镜检查,可以提高检查的精确度,还可以减轻患者应激反应[12]。但是,老年患者因其独特的生理特性,在无痛胃镜检查过程中,仍面临挑战:一方面,老年患者脏器机能衰退,麻醉药物代谢延缓,易发生药物蓄积,增加麻醉风险;另一方面,老年患者多合并基础疾病,多重用药可能引发药物间互相作用,增加麻醉风险。肥胖患者代谢异常,心肺负荷增大,无痛胃镜检查麻醉风险高于普通人群[13-14]。有研究[15]发现,肥胖患者麻醉相关风险随BMI增大而升高。目前,对于老年和肥胖患者无痛胃镜麻醉相关风险的研究[16-17]较多,但是,关于老年肥胖患者的无痛胃镜检查安全性的研究较少。

3.2 瑞马唑仑的临床应用现状

瑞马唑仑属于新型超短效苯二氮䓬类药物,其药理学特性表现为快速起效、高效代谢和短暂半衰期等[18]。有研究[19]发现,瑞马唑仑进入机体后1 min,药物浓度即可达到高峰,其后迅速被组织酯酶代谢,并且代谢物无活性。所以,恢复时间短。TIAN等[20]研究表明,瑞马唑仑在老年人无痛胰胆管造影中,具有安全性高和并发症少等优势。RITA等[21]研究表明,瑞马唑仑在胃肠镜检查麻醉中,具有更稳定的血流动力学。

3.3 不同剂量瑞马唑仑在老年肥胖患者无痛胃镜检查中的应用效果

3.3.1 血流动力学方面

本研究结果显示,在老年肥胖患者无痛胃镜的诊断和治疗中,3种剂量瑞马唑仑和丙泊酚均能有效地维持血流动力学稳定,4组患者在进镜3 min后和检查结束时,HR、SBP、DBP和SpO2差异均无统计学意义(P > 0.05)。与瑞马唑仑相比,丙泊酚对心血管系统的抑制作用更为直接和明显。瑞马唑仑虽然也是麻醉药物,但其对心血管系统的稳定性影响相对较小,可能是因为其在发挥麻醉效应时,对交感-副交感神经的平衡调节较为温和,不会引起血管的过度扩张。从老年肥胖患者的生理特点分析,老年患者本身心血管系统储备功能下降,血管弹性减弱,对血压的调节能力相应减弱。肥胖患者则存在脂代谢紊乱和胰岛素抵抗等情况,进一步加重了心血管系统的负担。丙泊酚在这些特殊生理状态下使用时,对血压的影响可能会被放大。而瑞马唑仑在应对老年肥胖患者复杂的生理状况时,可能具有更好的耐受性和适应性,能够在保证麻醉效果的同时,维持相对稳定的血压水平。但是,本研究4组患者在检查过程中的SBP和DBP比较,差异均无统计学意义(P > 0.05),这说明:丙泊酚和瑞马唑仑在老年肥胖患者中的应用都是安全的。

3.3.2 麻醉效果方面

在镇静起效方面,R2组和R3组起效时间明显短于P组和R1组,这说明:当瑞马唑仑达到0.30 mg/kg时,可以缩短老年肥胖患者的镇静起效时间。这可能与瑞马唑仑能够结合神经功能细胞膜上γ-氨基丁酸A型受体,并使神经功能细胞膜去极化有关,更容易使患者达到镇静效果[22-23]。在苏醒时间方面,R3组患者苏醒时间明显长于P组、R1组和R2组,这说明:0.40 mg/kg剂量的瑞马唑仑,虽然可以缩短镇静起效时间,但也延长了苏醒时间。同时,R3组患者恢复室观察时间也明显延长。由此可见,0.40 mg/kg剂量的瑞马唑仑不仅增加了麻醉深度,还延长了术后复苏时间。在补救镇静次数方面,R2组和R3组补救镇静次数明显少于P组和R1组,而R2组和R3组补救镇静次数比较,差异无统计学意义(P > 0.05),这说明:当瑞马唑仑剂量低于0.30 mg/kg时,术中可能增加补救镇静次数,这与ICHIJIMA等[24]研究一致。

3.3.3 不良反应方面

本研究结果显示,R1组、R2组和R3组患者低血压、呼吸抑制、注射痛和心痛过缓等不良反应发生率明显低于P组。这说明:在老年肥胖患者中,瑞马唑仑相较于丙泊酚,能够降低不良发应发生率。丙泊酚作为一种快速和短效的静脉麻醉药,其主要通过抑制中枢神经系统,降低交感神经张力,使血管扩张,从而导致血压下降。肥胖患者呼吸系统代偿能力降低,胸壁顺应性下降,瑞马唑仑选择性作用于γ-氨基丁酸A型受体,对呼吸中枢抑制较轻[25]。肥胖患者血容量较普通人群增加20%~30%,血管脆性增加,丙泊酚血管扩张效应易使患者发生低血压[26]。瑞马唑仑为水溶性制剂,不依赖肝肾代谢,不仅可以增加循环稳定性,还可以减少注射痛的发生[27]

3.4 本研究的局限性

本研究为单中心研究,且样本量较小,结果可能存在偏倚。有待下一步扩大样本量,行多中心研究来验证本研究结论。

综上所述,在老年肥胖患者无痛胃镜检查中,瑞马唑仑较丙泊酚可以降低不良反应的发生率。当瑞马唑仑剂量达到0.30 mg/kg时,即可缩短麻醉起效时间和恢复室观察时间,减少补救镇静次数。值得应用于临床。

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