不同手术方法治疗甲状腺良性疾病对甲状旁腺功能和美观度的影响

吕昭宝 ,  张俊静 ,  项承

中国内镜杂志 ›› 2026, Vol. 32 ›› Issue (4) : 83 -90.

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中国内镜杂志 ›› 2026, Vol. 32 ›› Issue (4) : 83 -90. DOI: 10.12235/E20250290
论 著

不同手术方法治疗甲状腺良性疾病对甲状旁腺功能和美观度的影响

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Impact of different surgical methods for treating benign thyroid diseases on parathyroid function and aesthetic appearance

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摘要

目的 探讨甲状腺良性疾病患者应用经全乳晕入路腔镜下甲状腺手术和经颈部入路甲状腺良性病变手术治疗的效果。 方法 回顾性分析2021年11月-2024年2月该院86例甲状腺良性疾病患者的临床资料,根据不同手术方法,将患者分为A组和B组,各43例。A组接受经颈部入路甲状腺良性病变手术,B组接受经全乳晕入路腔镜下甲状腺手术,两组患者术后均随访1年。比较两组患者围手术期相关指标,术前和术后1个月的甲状旁腺功能,术前和术后1年的吞咽功能、颈部疼痛程度和美观度,术后1年内的并发症发生情况。 结果 B组术中出血量少于A组,住院时间短于A组,住院费用高于A组,差异均有统计学意义(P < 0.05)。两组患者术后1个月的血钙和甲状旁腺激素(PTH)水平较术前低,但B组高于A组,差异均有统计学意义(P < 0.05)。两组患者术后1年的吞咽功能评估量表(SSA)评分、颈部疼痛视觉模拟评分法(VAS)评分、患者瘢痕自我评分(PSAS)、温哥华瘢痕评价量表(VSS)和观测者瘢痕评价量表(OSAS)评分较术前低,且B组低于A组,差异均有统计学意义(P < 0.05)。术后1年内,A组并发症总发生率为20.93%,高于B组的4.65%,差异有统计学意义(P < 0.05)。 结论 经全乳晕入路腔镜下甲状腺手术较经颈部入路甲状腺良性病变手术,可改善甲状旁腺和吞咽功能,减少甲状腺良性疾病患者术中出血量,缩短住院时间,减轻颈部疼痛程度,提高美观度,且安全性好,但该手术住院费用较高,临床需结合患者具体情况,合理地选择手术方案。

Abstract

Objective To explore the therapeutic effects of endoscopic thyroid surgery via the total areola approach and surgery for benign thyroid lesions via the cervical approach in patients with benign thyroid diseases. Methods A retrospective analysis was conducted on the clinical data of 86 patients with benign thyroid diseases from November 2021 to February 2024. The patients were divided into group A and group B according to different surgical methods, with 43 cases in each group. Group A underwent surgery for benign thyroid lesions via the cervical approach, while group B received endoscopic thyroid surgery via the total areola approach. Both groups of patients were followed up for one year after the operation. The perioperative related indicators, parathyroid function before and one month after operation, swallowing function, neck pain and aesthetics before and one year after operation, and complications within one year after operation were compared between the two groups. Results The intraoperative blood loss in group B was less than that in group A, the hospital stay was shorter than that in group A, and the hospitalization cost was higher than that in group A. The differences were all statistically significant (P < 0.05). The levels of blood calcium and parathyroid hormone (PTH) in both groups of patients one month after the operation were lower than those before the operation, but those in group B were higher than those in group A, the differences were statistically significant (P < 0.05). One year after the operation, the standard swallowing function assessment scale (SSA), neck pain visual analogue scale (VAS), patient scar assessment scale (PSAS), Vancouver scar scale (VSS), and observer scar assessment scale (OSAS) score of the two groups of patients were lower than those before the operation, and those in group B were lower than those in group A, the differences were statistically significant (P < 0.05). Within one year after the operation, the total incidence of complications in group A was 20.93%, which was higher than 4.65% in group B, and the difference was statistically significant (P < 0.05). Conclusion Compared with the cervical approach for benign thyroid lesion surgery, endoscopic thyroid surgery via the total areola approach can improve parathyroid gland and swallowing functions, reduce intraoperative blood loss in patients with benign thyroid diseases, shorten hospital stay, reduce the severity of neck pain, enhance aesthetic appearance, and has good safety. However, the hospitalization cost of this surgery is relatively high. Clinically, the surgical plan should be reasonably selected based on the specific conditions of the patient.

关键词

甲状腺良性疾病 / 经全乳晕入路腔镜甲状腺手术 / 经颈部入路甲状腺良性病变手术 / 甲状旁腺功能 / 美观度

Key words

benign thyroid disease / laparoscopic thyroid surgery via total areolar approach / benign thyroid surgery through the neck approach / parathyroid gland function / aesthetics

引用本文

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吕昭宝,张俊静,项承. 不同手术方法治疗甲状腺良性疾病对甲状旁腺功能和美观度的影响[J]. 中国内镜杂志, 2026, 32(4): 83-90 DOI:10.12235/E20250290

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甲状腺良性疾病是一种多见于女性的内分泌系统疾病。据文献[1-2]报道,甲状腺良性疾病的发病率呈逐年递增的趋势。目前,临床多予以手术治疗。传统的手术,如经颈部入路甲状腺良性病变手术的切口明显,会在患者颈部留下瘢痕,影响患者形象[3]。近年来,追求颈部无瘢痕疗法的患者明显增多[4]。经全乳晕入路腔镜下甲状腺手术与传统手术不同,其术野清晰,切口隐蔽,具有微创和美观等优势[5]。既往虽然已有不同手术应用于甲状腺良性疾病中的报道[6],但尚无统一标准。本研究探究了不同手术方法治疗甲状腺良性疾病的临床疗效,旨在为临床提供参考依据。现报道如下:

1 资料与方法

1.1 一般资料

回顾性分析2021年11月-2024年2月聊城市第二人民医院收治的86例甲状腺良性疾病患者的临床资料,根据手术方法不同,将患者分为A组和B组,各43例。A组接受经颈部入路甲状腺良性病变手术,B组接受经全乳晕入路腔镜下甲状腺手术。两组患者一般资料比较,差异无统计学意义(P > 0.05),具有可比性。见表1。

纳入标准:符合甲状腺良性疾病诊断标准[7];术前影像学检查提示甲状腺结节;术后病理检查提示良性病变;年龄≥18岁;符合手术指征;临床资料完整。排除标准:甲状腺恶性病变者;有颈部放疗、化疗或手术史;有甲状腺射频消融治疗史;甲状腺二次手术;合并甲亢及其他内分泌疾病;哺乳期或妊娠期妇女。本文通过聊城市第二人民医院伦理委员会批准,批件号:【2021】医伦审第(19)号。

1.2 方法

两组患者均由同一有经验的术者进行手术。

1.2.1 A组

行经颈部入路甲状腺良性病变手术治疗。患者取仰卧位,行全身麻醉。首先,于胸骨切迹上2横指处做一6.0~7.0 cm的弧形切口,依次切开皮肤和组织,横断颈阔肌,并沿其下疏松层将皮瓣上下分离,悬吊后,切开颈白线。接着,将颈前肌群向两侧分开后,充分显露甲状腺,游离甲状腺峡部,钝性分离甲状腺与气管之间的疏松组织,将峡部自气管前离断。再自下极向上极方向游离甲状腺,依次显露并离断甲状腺下静脉、甲状腺中静脉及甲状腺上动静脉,注意紧贴甲状腺被膜进行操作,仔细辨识并保护喉返神经及喉上神经外支。在甲状腺背面仔细游离,保留甲状腺后被膜,辨识并保护上下甲状旁腺及其血供。根据肿物大小及位置,行甲状腺腺叶切除术或甲状腺次全切除术,将病灶及部分正常组织一并切除,确保肿物完整。探查术野是否出现出血,若未见出血,则放入引流胶管。最后,缝合固定,逐层缝合切口,术毕。

1.2.2 B组

行经全乳晕入路腔镜下甲状腺手术。患者取仰卧位,行全身麻醉。首先,于右侧乳房内侧缘两乳头连线偏右1横指做一0.1 cm的纵形切口至皮下。接着,注射膨胀液(1∶500,含肾上腺素的生理盐水)100~150 mL后,钝性分离皮下组织,排出膨胀液。然后,置入10 mm Trocar,并注入二氧化碳气体(维持压力在1.596~1.995 kPa)。再在右、左乳晕各做一0.5 cm的弧形切口至皮下,并依次置入5 mm Trocar、操作钳、电凝钩、超声刀和甲状腺腔镜(生产厂家:桐庐万禾医疗器械有限公司),分离皮下深筋膜至甲状软骨上缘。切开颈白线,分离甲状腺腺叶,并将患侧甲状腺腺叶提起,将腺叶及峡部切除后,冲洗伤口。行止血处理,探查未见出血,则放入引流胶管。最后,缝合固定,逐层缝合切口,术毕。

1.2.3 术后随访

两组患者术后均随访1年。

1.3 观察指标

1.3.1 病灶相关情况

包括:病灶最大径和术后病理。

1.3.2 围手术期相关指标

包括:术中出血量、手术时间、住院时间和住院费用。

1.3.3 甲状旁腺功能

于术前和术后1个月,抽取患者空腹静脉血3 mL,离心后取血清,采用酶联免疫吸附试验(试剂盒为美国贝克曼库尔特有限公司生产),测定甲状旁腺相关指标[血钙和甲状旁腺激素(parathyroid hormone,PTH)]水平。

1.3.4 吞咽功能

于术前和术后1年,采用吞咽功能评估量表(standard swallowing function assessment scale,SSA)评分[8],评估患者吞咽功能。总分为0~46分,得分越高,吞咽障碍越严重。

1.3.5 疼痛程度

于术前和术后1年,采用颈部疼痛视觉模拟评分法(visual analogue scale,VAS)评分[9],评估患者疼痛程度。总分为0~10分,得分越高,疼痛程度越严重。

1.3.6 美观度

于术前和术后1年,采用患者瘢痕自我评分(patient scar assessment scale,PSAS)[10]、温哥华瘢痕评价量表(Vancouver scar scale,VSS)评分[11]和观测者瘢痕评价量表(observer scar assessment scale,OSAS)评分[12],评估美观度。PSAS评分包括6个维度,每个维度1~10分,总分为6~60分,得分越高,瘢痕越严重;VSS评分总分为0~15分,得分越高,瘢痕越严重;OSAS评分包括6个维度,每个维度1~10分,总分为6~60分,得分越高,瘢痕越严重。

1.3.7 并发症

于术后1年内,观察并发症发生情况。包括:甲状旁腺功能减退、切口出血、皮下积液和颈部不适。

1.4 统计学方法

选用SPSS 26.0统计学软件分析数据。计数资料以例(%)表示,比较行χ2检验;符合正态分布的计量资料以均数±标准差(x¯±s)表示,组间比较行独立样本t检验,组内比较行配对t检验。P < 0.05为差异有统计学意义。

2 结果

2.1 两组患者病灶相关情况比较

两组患者病灶最大径和术后病理比较,差异均无统计学意义(P > 0.05)。见表2。

2.2 两组患者围手术期相关指标比较

B组术中出血量少于A组,住院时间短于A组,住院费用高于A组,差异均有统计学意义(P < 0.05)。见表3。

2.3 两组患者甲状旁腺功能比较

两组患者术后1个月的血钙和PTH水平低于术前,但B组高于A组,差异均有统计学意义(P < 0.05)。见表4。

2.4 两组患者吞咽功能比较

两组患者术后1年的SSA评分低于术前,且B组低于A组,差异均有统计学意义(P < 0.05)。见表5。

2.5 两组患者疼痛程度比较

两组患者术后1年的VAS评分低于术前,且B组低于A组,差异均有统计学意义(P < 0.05)。见表6。

2.6 两组患者美观度比较

两组患者术后1年的PSAS、VSS评分和OSAS评分低于术前,且B组低于A组,差异均有统计学意义(P < 0.05)。见表7。

2.7 两组患者并发症比较

A组随访1年内,发生甲状旁腺功能减退1例,发生切口出血2例,发生皮下积液和颈部不适各3例。其中,甲状旁腺功能减退均为暂时性甲状旁腺功能减退,经补钙治疗,在术后1个月消失,并发症总发生率为20.93%(9/43)。B组未发生切口出血和甲状旁腺功能减退,发生皮下积液和颈部不适各1例,并发症总发生率为4.65%(2/43)。B组并发症总发生率明显低于A组,差异有统计学意义(χ2 = 5.11,P < 0.05)。

3 讨论

3.1 甲状腺良性疾病的临床治疗现状

近年来,随着医疗模式的转变和人们生活水平的提高,患者对术后切口美观度的重视程度明显提升[13-14]。目前,临床首选手术治疗甲状腺良性疾病,但术式较多,关于何种术式治疗该病的效果更佳,临床尚无统一定论[15]。本研究应用经全乳晕入路腔镜下甲状腺手术和经颈部入路甲状腺良性病变手术治疗甲状腺良性疾病,取得了较好的临床疗效。

3.2 经颈部入路甲状腺良性病变手术和经全乳晕入路腔镜下甲状腺手术的临床应用现状

经颈部入路甲状腺良性病变手术是治疗甲状腺良性疾病的传统术式。虽然其可起到一定的效果,但会在患者颈部留下瘢痕,极大地影响了术后颈部美观度,且部分患者术后会出现颈部出血、疼痛和吞咽不适等并发症,影响患者生活质量[16-17]。近年来,经全乳晕入路腔镜下甲状腺手术已成为治疗甲状腺良性疾病的主要术式。其术野清晰,利于术者精细操作,且能够避免对神经及周围组织造成损伤,减少出血和并发症的发生风险,还能减轻术后疼痛,缩短住院时间,加快患者康复。此外,经全乳晕入路腔镜下甲状腺手术切口在身体较为隐蔽的胸部,切口较小,无需辅助切口,患者颈部不留瘢痕,能明显提高美观度[18-19]。

3.3 经颈部入路甲状腺良性病变手术和经全乳晕入路腔镜下甲状腺手术治疗甲状腺良性疾病的优点和缺点

本研究中,B组术中出血量少于A组,住院时间短于A组,术后1年的SSA、VAS、PSAS、VSS和OSAS评分均低于A组,随访1年内的并发症总发生率低于A组。这提示:与经颈部入路甲状腺良性病变手术相比,经全乳晕入路腔镜下甲状腺手术可减少甲状腺良性疾病患者术中出血量,缩短住院时间,改善患者吞咽功能,减轻颈部疼痛程度,提高美观度,且安全性较好。这与以往文献[20]报道相似。但经全乳晕入路腔镜下甲状腺手术住院费用较高。甲状腺良性疾病的发生和发展过程中,患者常伴有不同程度的甲状旁腺功能异常[21-22]。本研究中,B组术后1个月的血钙和PTH水平高于A组。这提示:与经颈部入路甲状腺良性病变手术比较,甲状腺良性疾病患者应用经全乳晕入路腔镜下甲状腺手术,可改善患者甲状旁腺功能。经颈部入路甲状腺良性病变手术的切口较大,容易影响患者甲状旁腺的血供,进而对患者甲状旁腺功能造成影响[23-24]。而经全乳晕入路腔镜下甲状腺手术是在腔镜直视下精细解剖,能避免损伤患者血管和神经,还能避免血钙失衡对甲状腺功能相关激素的影响,进而有效地改善患者甲状旁腺功能[25-26]。

3.4 本研究的局限性

本研究样本量较小,且为单中心研究,下一步将进行多中心研究,并扩大样本量,以验证本研究结果。

综上所述,经全乳晕入路腔镜下甲状腺手术,相较于经颈部入路甲状腺良性病变手术,可改善患者甲状旁腺和吞咽功能,减少甲状腺良性疾病患者术中出血量,缩短住院时间,减轻颈部疼痛程度,提升美观度,且安全性较好,但该手术住院费用较高,临床需结合患者情况,合理选择手术方案。

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