纤维环缝合联合椎间孔镜下髓核摘除术治疗腰椎间盘突出症的临床疗效

刘华 ,  林龙泉 ,  林顺新 ,  曹杰 ,  郑耿阳

中国内镜杂志 ›› 2026, Vol. 32 ›› Issue (5) : 19 -26.

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中国内镜杂志 ›› 2026, Vol. 32 ›› Issue (5) : 19 -26. DOI: 10.12235/E20250361
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纤维环缝合联合椎间孔镜下髓核摘除术治疗腰椎间盘突出症的临床疗效

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Clinical efficacy of annulus fibrosus suture combined with percutaneous endoscopic lumbar discectomy for the treatment of lumbar disc herniation

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摘要

目的 分析纤维环缝合(AFS)联合椎间孔镜下髓核摘除术(PELD)治疗腰椎间盘突出症(LDH)的临床疗效。 方法 回顾性分析2020年3月-2023年12月于该院骨科治疗的202例LDH患者的临床资料。根据不同手术方法,将患者分为PELD组(行单纯PELD治疗,93例)和联合组(行AFS联合PELD治疗,109例)。比较两组围手术期相关指标;比较两组术前和术后3个月的腰椎功能、腰腿疼痛程度、神经功能和腰椎退行性病变情况;比较两组住院期间并发症发生情况和术后随访1年的复发情况。 结果 联合组手术时间明显长于PELD组,差异有统计学意义(P < 0.05);两组透视次数、出血量和住院时间比较,差异均无统计学意义(P > 0.05)。术后3个月,两组腰椎Oswestry功能障碍指数(ODI)、腰痛视觉模拟评分法(VAS)评分和腿痛VAS评分明显低于术前,差异均有统计学意义(P < 0.05),但两组间比较,差异均无统计学意义(P > 0.05)。术后3个月,两组胫神经潜伏期和腓总神经潜伏期明显短于术前,胫神经的神经传导速度和腓总神经的神经传导速度明显快于术前,差异均有统计学意义(P < 0.05),但两组间比较,差异均无统计学意义(P > 0.05)。术后1年,两组腰椎前凸角和椎管面积大于术前,差异均有统计学意义(P < 0.05),但两组间比较,差异均无统计学意义(P > 0.05);术后1年,PELD组责任椎间隙高度明显低于术前,且联合组明显高于PELD组,差异均有统计学意义(P < 0.05)。住院期间,两组并发症总发生率[2.15%(2/93)和2.75%(3/109)]比较,差异无统计学意义(P > 0.05)。联合组术后1年复发率为0.92%(1/109),明显低于PELD组的7.53%(7/93),差异有统计学意义(P < 0.05)。 结论 单用PELD和AFS联合PELD治疗LDH,均可改善患者腰椎功能、腰腿痛和神经功能,安全性高。联合治疗的手术时间较单用PELD长,但其腰椎退行性病变改善情况较单用PELD好,且复发率较单用PELD低。

Abstract

Objective To analyze the clinical efficacy of annulus fibrosus suture (AFS) combined with percutaneous endoscopic lumbar discectomy (PELD) on the treatment of lumbar disc herniation (LDH). Methods A retrospective analysis was conducted on the clinical data of 202 patients with LDH who were treated in the orthopedics department of this hospital from March 2020 to December 2023. According to different surgical methods, the patients were divided into the PELD group (receiving simple PELD treatment, 93 cases) and the combined group (AFS combined with PELD treatment, 109 cases). Compare the perioperative related indicators of the two groups; the lumbar function, the degree of low back and leg pain, the neurological function and the degeneration of lumbar intervertebral discs were compared between the two groups before the operation and 3 months after the operation. The occurrence of complications during hospitalization and the recurrence during the 1-year postoperative follow-up were compared between the two groups. Results The operation time of the combined group was significantly longer than that of the PELD group, and the difference was statistically significant (P < 0.05); There were no statistically significant differences in the number of fluoroscopy sessions, blood loss and hospital stay between the two groups (P > 0.05). Three months after the operation, the Oswestry Disability Index (ODI), the visual analogue scale (VAS) score for low back pain, and the VAS score for leg pain in both groups were significantly lower than those before the operation, and the differences were statistically significant (P < 0.05). However, when comparing the two groups, the differences were not statistically significant (P > 0.05). Three months after the operation, the latencies of the tibial nerve and the common peroneal nerve in both groups were significantly shorter than those before the operation, the nerve conduction velocities of the tibial nerve and the common peroneal nerve were significantly faster than those before the operation, and the differences were statistically significant (P < 0.05). However, when comparing the two groups, there were no statistically significant differences (P > 0.05). One year after the operation, the lumbar lordosis angle and spinal canal area in both groups were larger than those before the operation, and the differences were statistically significant (P < 0.05), but there were no statistically significant differences between the two groups (P > 0.05). One year after the operation, the height of the responsible intervertebral space in the PELD group was significantly lower than that before the operation, and that in the combined group was significantly higher than that in the PELD group. The differences were statistically significant (P < 0.05). During hospitalization, there was no statistically significant difference in the total incidence of complications between the two groups [2.15% (2/93) and 2.75% (3/109)] (P > 0.05). The recurrence rate of the combined group one year after surgery was 0.92% (1/109), which was significantly lower than 7.53% (7/93) in the PELD group, and the difference was statistically significant (P < 0.05). Conclusion Both PELD and AFS combined with PELD in the treatment of LDH can improve lumbar function, low back and leg pain, and neurological function of patients, with high safety. The operation time of combined therapy is longer than that of simple PELD, but the improvement of lumbar intervertebral disc degeneration is better than that of simple PELD, and the recurrence rate is lower than that of simple PELD.

Graphical abstract

关键词

腰椎间盘突出症(LDH) / 纤维环缝合 / 椎间孔镜下髓核摘除术(PELD) / 腰椎退行性病变 / 腰椎功能 / 复发

Key words

lumbar disc herniation (LDH) / annulus fibrosus suture / percutaneous endoscopic lumbar discectomy (PELD) / intervertebral disc degeneration / lumbar function / recurrence

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刘华,林龙泉,林顺新,曹杰,郑耿阳. 纤维环缝合联合椎间孔镜下髓核摘除术治疗腰椎间盘突出症的临床疗效[J]. 中国内镜杂志, 2026, 32(5): 19-26 DOI:10.12235/E20250361

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腰椎间盘突出症(lumbar disc herniation,LDH)为常见的腰椎退行性疾病。其发病率呈逐年升高趋势,主要发病群体为中老年人群,但目前,越来越多的年轻人也罹患该疾病[1-2]。椎间孔镜下髓核摘除术(percutaneous endoscopic lumbar discectomy,PELD)为LDH的主要治疗术式之一。其在解除神经压迫方面有一定成效,但未能有效地解决纤维环损伤的情况,术后仍存在椎间盘退变加速、髓核再突出和腰椎稳定性下降等风险,影响长期疗效[3]。在此背景下,纤维环缝合技术(annulus fibrosus suture,AFS)应运而生。其可通过对破损的纤维环进行精准修复,从理论上为减缓腰椎退行性病变进程和降低复发风险提供了可能[4]。但AFS联合PELD治疗LDH仍缺乏系统研究,临床价值尚需进一步验证。本研究纳入202例LDH患者进行研究,旨在分析AFS联合PELD治疗LDH的临床疗效。现报道如下:

1 资料与方法

1.1 一般资料

回顾性分析2020年3月-2023年12月于本院骨科治疗的202例LDH患者的临床资料。根据不同手术方法,将患者分为PELD组(行单纯PELD治疗,93例)和联合组(行AFS联合PELD治疗,109例)。PELD组中,男58例,女35例;年龄21~72岁,平均(51.09±5.11)岁;累及节段:L3/4 23例,L4/5 55例,L5/S1 15例;体重指数(body mass index,BMI)18~27 kg/m2,平均(21.76±1.15)kg/m2;病程3~19年,平均(11.82±1.14)年。联合组中,男72例,女37例;年龄20~70岁,平均(50.76±5.23)岁;累及节段:L3/4 27例,L4/5 62例,L5/S1 20例;BMI 18~28 kg/m2,平均(21.85±1.17)kg/m2;病程4~18年,平均(12.02±1.31)年。两组患者一般资料比较,差异无统计学意义(P > 0.05),具有可比性。见表1。

纳入标准:符合《腰椎间盘突出症的介入和微创治疗操作规范的专家共识》[5]中的诊断标准,有腰痛、下肢放射痛和腰神经根受压症状,直腿抬高试验或股神经牵拉试验阳性,并经影像学检查确诊;由同一手术小组行手术治疗;脏器功能正常;年龄20~75岁;临床资料和随访资料完整。排除标准:造血功能和/或凝血功能异常;有吸毒、药物滥用和/或嗜酒史;严重脊柱侧凸;因其他疾病继发的LDH;合并腰椎严重外伤史、脊柱肿瘤和/或骨结核;先天性脊柱发育异常;恶病质。

1.2 方法

1.2.1 PELD组

行单纯PELD治疗。引导患者在弓形垫上取俯卧位,常规消毒、铺巾后,采用移动式C型臂X线影像系统(莱福医疗设备有限公司,型号:LM-ARMES 35),透视定位病变节段椎间盘。然后,对穿刺位点进行标记,以稀释至0.5%的利多卡因在穿刺位点行逐层麻醉,在影像系统透视下,向椎间孔置入穿刺针,并置入导针。接着,在导针引导下,做一约7 mm的皮肤切口,沿着导针扩张软组织,置入工作套管。再在影像系统观察下,确定位置,置入椎间孔镜,确定椎间盘病变位置后,用髓核钳摘除纤维环隆起或破裂口处的突出髓核。最后,清理周围残余髓核组织,观察神经根减压充分且彻底止血后,退出器械并缝合皮肤切口。

1.2.2 联合组

行AFS联合PELD治疗。PELD操作同PELD组。彻底减压神经根后,用射频刀头仔细清理纤维环破口周边组织,保证缝合处视野清晰可见(图1A)。选择距破口大约3 mm全层刺入1号缝合针(白线),推出推杆,拉紧缝线后撤出(图1B)。在破口对侧相似位置进针,穿过1号缝合针白色线圈刺入2号缝合针(绿线)(图1C)。拉紧两条缝线打结,用推结器连续三次将线结平缓推进至纤维环表面,完成打结(图1D)插入剪线器,在线结上方2 mm处剪断两条缝线,缝合完成(图1E)。探查见神经根无受压,纤维环破口闭合良好,撤出镜头和工作套管,缝合关闭切口,术毕。

1.2.3 质量控制

由经培训的2位研究成员采集资料,规范调查内容、指标和评估量表的标准。调查和数据录入由不同的人进行,数据录入后,抽取5.00%进行复查,以提高数据的准确性和可靠性。

1.3 观察指标

1.3.1 围手术期指标

记录两组手术时间、透视次数、出血量和住院时间。

1.3.2 腰椎功能

于术前和术后3个月,采用腰椎Oswestry功能障碍指数(Oswestry disability index,ODI),评估患者腰椎功能。包括:症状、生活和功能等10个项目,得分越高,表示功能障碍越严重[6]。

1.3.3 腰腿痛程度

于术前和术后3个月,采用视觉模拟评分法(visual analogue scale,VAS)评分,评估疼痛程度。总分为0~10分,分值越高,表示疼痛越严重[7]。

1.3.4 神经功能

于术前和术后3个月,采用肌电图/诱发电位系统(生产厂家:日本光电公司,型号:MEB-2300C),检测腰椎双下肢肌电图。嘱患者取仰卧位,放松肢体,检测患者胫神经潜伏期、腓总神经潜伏期、胫神经的神经传导速度和腓总神经的神经传导速度。

1.3.5 腰椎退行性病变程度

于术前和术后1年,采用数字X线摄影系统(生产厂家:广东睿佳医疗科技有限公司,型号:RG-Ⅱ-DR),在腰椎正侧位X线片上,测量责任椎间隙高度和腰椎前凸角。通过磁共振成像系统(生产厂家:西门子医疗有限公司,型号:MAGNETOM Amira)测量椎管面积。

1.3.6 并发症

记录住院期间并发症发生情况。包括:椎间隙感染、神经根损伤、脑脊液漏和硬膜轻微撕裂。

1.3.7 术后复发

术后随访1年,根据症状和影像学检查结果,判定复发情况。

1.4 统计学方法

采用SPSS 26.0统计学软件分析数据。符合正态分布的计量资料以均数±标准差(x¯±s)表示,组间比较采用独立样本t检验,组内比较采用配对t检验;计数资料以例(%)表示,比较采用χ2检验。P < 0.05为差异有统计学意义。

2 结果

2.1 两组患者围术期指标比较

联合组手术时间长于PELD组,差异有统计学意义(P < 0.05);两组患者透视次数、出血量和住院时间比较,差异均无统计学意义(P > 0.05)。见表2。

2.2 两组患者腰椎功能比较

PELD组术后3个月ODI为(16.11±3.64)%,明显低于术前的(65.57±5.47)%,联合组术后3个月ODI为(15.70±3.51)%,明显低于术前的(66.12±5.52)%,差异均有统计学意义(P < 0.05),但两组间术后3个月ODI比较,差异无统计学意义(t = 0.81,P = 0.417)。

2.3 两组患者腰腿痛程度比较

术后3个月,两组患者腰痛VAS评分和腿痛VAS评分明显低于术前,差异均有统计学意义(P < 0.05),但两组间比较,差异均无统计学意义(P > 0.05)。见表3。

2.4 两组患者神经功能比较

术后3个月,两组患者胫神经潜伏期和腓总神经潜伏期明显短于术前,胫神经的神经传导速度和腓总神经的神经传导速度明显快于术前,差异均有统计学意义(P < 0.05),但两组间比较,差异均无统计学意义(P > 0.05)。见表4。

2.5 两组患者腰椎退行性病变程度比较

术后1年,两组患者腰椎前凸角和椎管面积明显大于术前,差异均有统计学意义(P < 0.05),但两组间比较,差异均无统计学意义(P > 0.05);术后1年,PELD组责任椎间隙高度明显低于术前,且联合组明显高于PELD组,差异均有统计学意义(P < 0.05)。见表5。

2.6 两组患者并发症比较

住院期间,PELD组并发症总发生率为2.15%(2/93),与联合组的2.75%(3/109)比较,差异无统计学意义(P > 0.05)。见表6。

2.7 两组患者复发情况比较

术后1年,联合组复发率为0.92%(1/109),明显低于PELD组的7.53%(7/93),差异有统计学意义(χ2 = 4.16,P = 0.041)。

2.8 典型病例

患者 女,33岁。术前MRI显示L4/5椎间盘右侧突出,行AFS联合PELD治疗,术后3个月复查MRI,提示:椎间盘突出位置缝合良好,无明显退变或复发征象。见图2。

3 讨论

3.1 LDH的临床表现

有研究[8-9]显示,LDH患者的发病率呈逐年上升趋势,临床表现主要为:腰痛、下肢放射痛和神经功能障碍,严重影响患者生活。本研究通过比较单用PELD与AFS联合PELD治疗LDH的临床疗效,取得了一定的成果,旨在为临床实践提供参考依据。

3.2 单用PELD与AFS联合PELD治疗LDH的优势和劣势

PELD通过内镜和特殊器械进行椎间盘突出物的切除,可直接改善LDH的病理状况,解除突出髓核对神经组织的压迫,迅速地缓解患者腰腿痛症状,促进神经功能恢复[10-12]。AFS作为一项精细操作技术,要求术者在椎间孔镜有限的视野下,精准定位破损纤维环边缘,并应用特制器械进行紧密、有序的缝合,此过程无疑增加了手术步骤的复杂性和精细度,进而延长了手术时间,但增加该操作并未增加术后并发症的发生风险[13-14]。本研究中,联合组手术时间长于PELD组,两组患者术后3个月ODI、腰痛VAS评分、腿痛VAS评分、胫神经潜伏期、腓总神经潜伏期、胫神经的神经传导速度和腓总神经的神经传导速度无明显差异,且住院期间,两组并发症总发生率亦无明显差异,这提示:单用PELD与AFS联合PELD治疗LDH,均可改善患者腰椎功能、腰腿痛和神经功能,且安全性高。

既往有研究[15]表明,纤维环缺损是导致椎间盘退变加速的关键因素之一。本研究中,联合组术后1年责任椎间隙高度明显高于PELD组,联合组术后1年复发率明显低于PELD组,这提示:AFS联合PELD治疗LDH,更能改善腰椎退行性病变情况,减少责任椎间隙下沉,降低复发率。分析原因为:AFS可能通过机械性封闭纤维环破口,维持椎间盘内压力,有效地限制了髓核组织的进一步外溢,增强了椎间盘的承载能力,从而延缓了椎间盘退变进程,维持责任椎间隙高度,促进纤维环愈合,减少炎症因子释放,从而减缓退行性改变[16-18]。AFS从源头上修补了椎间盘的结构缺陷,增强了椎间盘的生物力学稳定性,减少了残余髓核再次突出的风险,降低了术后复发风险[19-20]。王亚楠等[21]研究指出,AFS联合PELD可降低LDH患者的复发风险,与本研究结果相互印证。

3.3 本研究的局限性

本研究为回顾性研究,纳入的样本量较小,结果可能存在偏倚,且随访时间较短(仅1年),未来需延长随访时间,进一步评估AFS对椎间盘退变的长期影响,以及AFS联合PELD治疗LDH的临床疗效。

综上所述,单用PELD与AFS联合PELD治疗LDH,均可改善患者腰椎功能、腰腿痛和神经功能,安全性高。联合治疗手术时间较长,但其腰椎退行性病变改善情况较单用PELD好,且复发率较单用PELD低。

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