获得性免疫缺陷综合征合并马尔尼菲篮状菌导致肠道感染的内镜下表现(附6例报告)

朱群 ,  张斌海 ,  高静 ,  李儿 ,  蒋雨虹 ,  方蕾

中国内镜杂志 ›› 2026, Vol. 32 ›› Issue (03) : 84 -88.

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中国内镜杂志 ›› 2026, Vol. 32 ›› Issue (03) : 84 -88. DOI: 10.12235/E20250461
临床研究

获得性免疫缺陷综合征合并马尔尼菲篮状菌导致肠道感染的内镜下表现(附6例报告)

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Endoscopic manifestations of intestinal infection caused by talaromyces marneffei in acquired immunodeficiency syndrome patients (6 cases)

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摘要

目的 探讨获得性免疫缺陷综合征(AIDS)合并马尔尼菲篮状菌(TM)感染导致肠道感染的内镜下特征。 方法 回顾性分析2022年11月-2024年10月于该院确诊为AIDS合并TM感染导致肠道感染的6例患者的临床资料。包括:临床症状、实验室检查、影像学检查、内镜检查和病理检查等。 结果 6例患者中,男5例,女1例;发病年龄26~67岁;AIDS合并TM感染导致肠道感染患者的临床表现为:腹泻、腹痛、腹胀和恶心呕吐。其中,2例有消化道出血表现。实验室检查:6例患者外周血白细胞计数为(1.37~4.49)×109/L,血红蛋白计数为(67~99)g/L;CD4+T淋巴细胞为(1~52)个/μL,CD8+ T淋巴细胞为(61~321)个/μL,CD4+T淋巴细胞/CD8+T淋巴细胞比值为(0.01~0.18)。6例患者均行HIV RNA检测。其中,5例HIV RNA阳性。血培养:可见丝状真菌,报告显示为TM。影像学检查:6例患者CT结果可见肠系膜及腹膜后多发淋巴结肿大。内镜检查:6例患者内镜下均可见肠道病变。其中,十二指肠糜烂溃疡2例,结肠多发糜烂溃疡4例。病理检查:6例患者幽门螺杆菌(Hp)结果均为阴性,黏膜下可见成簇的小球形真菌孢子,符合TM感染;特殊染色:PAS(+),六胺银染色(+)。 结论 当AIDS晚期患者出现消化道症状时,应警惕TM感染,病变部位常见于全结肠和直肠,亦可累及十二指肠,内镜下表现多为溃疡、糜烂和隆起性病变,形态表现无特异性;及时行胃肠镜检查、病理活检、特殊染色和免疫组化是确诊的关键。

Abstract

Objective To explore the endoscopic features of intestinal infection caused by talaromyces marneffei (TM) in patients with acquired immunodeficiency syndrome (AIDS). Methods The clinical data of patients diagnosed with AIDS complicated with TM-induced intestinal infection from November 2022 to October 2024 were retrospectively analyzed, including symptoms, laboratory tests, imaging examinations, endoscopic examinations, and pathological examinations. Results There were 6 patients, including 5 males and 1 female, with an age range of 26 to 67 years. The clinical manifestations of AIDS patients with TM-induced intestinal infection included diarrhea, abdominal pain, abdominal distension, nausea, and vomiting, with 2 cases presenting with gastrointestinal bleeding. Laboratory tests: The peripheral blood white blood cell count of the 6 patients was (1.37 ~ 4.49)×109/L, and the hemoglobin count was (67 ~ 99) g/L. CD4+ T lymphocytes were (1 ~ 52) cells/μL, CD8+ T lymphocytes were (61 ~ 321) cells/μL, and the CD4+/CD8+ ratio was (0.01 ~ 0.18). All 6 patients underwent HIV RNA testing, and 5 were positive. Blood culture: filamentous fungi was visible, and the report indicated TM. Imaging examination: CT results of the 6 patients showed multiple enlarged lymph nodes in the mesentery and retroperitoneum. Endoscopic examination: all 6 patients had intestinal lesions under endoscopy, including 2 cases of duodenal erosion and ulcer, and 4 cases of multiple erosions and ulcers in the colon. Pathological examination: The HP results of all 6 patients were negative, and clusters of small spherical fungal spores were seen in the submucosa, consistent with TM infection. Special staining: PAS(+), methenamine silver staining(+). Conclusion When AIDS patients in the late stage present with gastrointestinal symptoms, TM infection should be suspected. The lesion sites are commonly found in the entire colon and rectum, and may also involve the duodenum. The endoscopic manifestations are mostly ulcers, erosions, and elevated lesions, with no specific morphological features. Timely gastroscopy and colonoscopy, pathological biopsy, special staining, and immunohistochemistry are key to diagnosis.

Graphical abstract

关键词

人类免疫缺陷病毒(HIV) / 马尔尼菲篮状菌(TM) / 真菌感染 / 消化系统 / 消化道溃疡

Key words

human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) / talaromyces marneffei (TM) / fungal infection / digestive system / gastrointestinal ulcer

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朱群,张斌海,高静,李儿,蒋雨虹,方蕾. 获得性免疫缺陷综合征合并马尔尼菲篮状菌导致肠道感染的内镜下表现(附6例报告)[J]. 中国内镜杂志, 2026, 32(03): 84-88 DOI:10.12235/E20250461

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马尔尼菲篮状菌(talaromyces marneffei,TM)是获得性免疫缺陷综合征(acquired immunodeficiency syndrome,AIDS)感染个体中的机会性真菌,特别是在CD4+ T淋巴细胞计数 < 100细胞/μL的人类免疫缺陷病毒(human immunodeficiency virus,HIV)感染者中。其是AIDS病毒/AIDS患者和其他免疫缺陷患者的一个重要的感染性并发症[1-2],常表现为播散性疾病,累及皮肤、肺、肝、淋巴结和消化系统。其中,TM累及消化系统时,起病隐匿,临床表现缺乏特异性,误诊率高。目前,关于AIDS合并TM感染导致肠道感染的报道较为少见,且多为个案。本研究纳入6例AIDS合并TM感染致肠道感染病例,分析其临床特征、实验室检查、影像学检查、内镜检查和病理检查等资料,旨在提高临床医生对该疾病的认识。

1 资料与方法

1.1 一般资料

回顾性分析2022年11月-2024年10月本院收治的AIDS患者合并TM感染导致消化道感染的患者6例。其中,男5例,女1例;发病年龄26~67岁;6例患者均有腹痛、腹泻、腹胀和恶心呕吐等消化道症状,发热3例;6例患者中,黑便2例,大便OB实验可疑2例,阳性4例;HIV RNA阳性5例,合并梅毒阳性2例。

纳入标准:年龄18~90岁;于本院经胃肠镜检查发现消化道TM感染的AIDS患者;所有患者内镜检查前签署内镜知情同意书。排除标准:有精神障碍;TM感染的AIDS阴性患者。

1.2 内镜检查方法

6例患者在出现消化道症状后2~5 d,于静脉麻醉下行内镜检查,同时,行幽门螺杆菌(helicobacter pylori,Hp)检测。所取黏膜病理组织标本,经甲醛固定后,用石蜡包埋,切片后,行HE染色;采用六胺银染色和PAS染色行特殊染色,于光学显微镜下进行观察。

1.3 观察指标

1.3.1 临床症状

腹泻、腹痛、腹胀和恶心呕吐。

1.3.2 实验室检查

CD4+T淋巴细胞、CD8+T淋巴细胞、白细胞计数、血红蛋白计数、HIV RNA和血培养。

1.3.3 影像学检查

CT下观察肠系膜及腹膜后情况。

1.3.4 内镜检查

内镜检查发现病灶后,详细记录病变部位、数量、病变大小、糜烂及溃疡形态和累及深度。

1.3.5 病理检查

观察病变周围黏膜特点和病理学检测结果。

2 结果

2.1 实验室检查

外周血白细胞计数为(1.37~4.49)×109/L,血红蛋白计数为(67~99)g/L;CD4+ T淋巴细胞为(1~52)个/μL,CD8+ T淋巴细胞为(61~321)个/μL,CD4+T淋巴细胞/CD8+T淋巴细胞比值为(0.01~0.18)。6例患者均行HIV RNA检测。其中,5例HIV RNA阳性;血培养:可见丝状真菌,报告显示为TM。

2.2 影像学检查

胸腹部CT检查显示,6例患者均可见肠系膜及腹膜后多发淋巴结肿大,肝、脾肿大各1例,少到中等量腹水3例,胸水1例。

2.3 内镜检查

6例患者中,有2例胃镜报告显示十二指肠溃疡糜烂;4例肠镜均可见结肠多发溃疡及隆起糜烂。见图1

2.4 病理结果

6例患者胃镜病理检查Hp均为阴性,2例十二指肠溃疡病理显示十二指肠降部黏膜下可见成簇的小球形真菌孢子,符合TM感染,特殊染色:PAS(+),六胺银染色(+);4例肠镜病理显示升结肠、横结肠和乙状结肠黏膜内,大量吞噬有大小不一圆形孢子的组织细胞,符合真菌感染(考虑TM感染)。见图2

3 讨论

TM是一种重要的热带两型真菌,可引起致命的深度播散真菌感染,导致真菌病,多分布于热带南亚和东南亚,并在全球传播。该疾病起病隐匿,但死亡率高[3-8],其主要的天然宿主是竹鼠。一般认为,人类可以通过接触气溶胶而被感染[9]

10%~30%的AIDS合并TM肠道感染患者,主要临床表现为:腹痛、腹胀和腹泻[10]。本研究中,6例患者均有腹痛、腹胀和腹泻症状,2例黑便,1例有不完全性肠梗阻表现,其消化道症状与AIDS合并其他机会性感染相比无特异性,易发生误诊和漏诊。

CD4+ T淋巴细胞 < 50/μL是AIDS合并TM肠道感染的影响因素。本研究中,6例患者CD4+T淋巴细胞为(1~52)个/μL,5例患者HIV RNA检出阳性,大便潜血试验均为阳性,血红蛋白(67~99)g/L。6例患者CD4+ T淋巴细胞减少、中度贫血和大便潜血实验阳性,与黄春明等[11]报道相符。

TM肠道感染病变部位多见于全结肠和直肠。何琳莉等[12]报道了1例AIDS合并TM肠道多发溃疡,主要临床表现为:腹痛、发热和大便次数增多;结肠镜检查显示:直肠、全结肠和回盲瓣黏膜散在大小不等的红色斑丘疹样隆起病变,表面糜烂;病理活检提示:肠黏膜溃疡形成,慢性炎症背景中见肉芽组织增生,间质及巨噬细胞可见真菌,特殊染色(+)。本研究与既往文献[12]相符,6例患者中,有4例肠镜检查发现结肠多发溃疡,其升结肠和横结肠可见多发隆起糜烂,乙状结肠息肉样隆起,直肠糜烂溃疡;病理活检均可见黏膜下成簇的小球形真菌小孢子(符合TM感染),特殊染色为阳性。

值得注意的是,6例患者中,有2例经胃镜检查取得病理确诊。2例病例胃镜检查显示食管及胃为非特异性炎症,Hp检测为阴性,病变见于十二指肠降部和球降交界:1例胃镜检查发现十二指肠球降交界和降部黏膜见斑片状浅凹陷,局部皱襞消失,内见散在点状出血,伴散在浅隆起,边缘欠光整;1例十二指肠乳头远端黏膜隆起性病变,伴肠腔狭窄,降段局部黏膜充血水肿伴狭窄。2例病例病理符合TM感染。本研究发现,TM致肠道感染亦可累及十二指肠,建议:综合考虑行胃肠镜检查,确定受累病变部位和严重程度,早期诊断,进行有针对性的治疗,从而预防TM肠道感染导致的肠穿孔和肠梗阻等严重并发症[13]

综上所述,AIDS合并TM肠道感染内镜表现多为溃疡、糜烂和隆起性病变,其形态表现多样,无特异性,病变部位除全结肠和直肠外,亦可累及十二指肠。故AIDS晚期患者会出现腹痛、腹泻和发热等消化道症状,应警惕TM感染,及时行胃肠镜检查,取病理活检,行免疫组化和特殊染色是确诊的关键。

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