内镜逆行胰胆管造影术后胰腺炎危险因素的Meta分析

王健 ,  谢国伟 ,  刘小琴 ,  张朝琴 ,  潘俊江

中国内镜杂志 ›› 2026, Vol. 32 ›› Issue (7) : 49 -64.

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中国内镜杂志 ›› 2026, Vol. 32 ›› Issue (7) : 49 -64. DOI: 10.12235/E20250467
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内镜逆行胰胆管造影术后胰腺炎危险因素的Meta分析

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Meta-analysis of risk factors for post endoscopic retrograde cholangiopancreatography pancreatitis

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摘要

目的 探讨引起内镜逆行胰胆管造影术后胰腺炎(PEP)的危险因素。 方法 计算机检索中国知网、万方、维普、PubMed、Embase、Web of Science和Cochrane Library数据库,收集建库至2025年6月关于PEP危险因素的研究报道,对文献进行筛选和数据提取后,运用RevMan 5.4软件对提取的数据进行统计学分析。 结果 共纳入53项回顾性研究。其中,英文文献24篇,中文文献29篇,共计81 129例患者,Meta分析结果表明:年龄 < 60岁(OR^ = 1.54,95%CI:1.24~1.92)、胰腺炎病史(OR^ = 3.21,95%CI:2.46~4.20)、内镜十二指肠乳头括约肌切开术(EST)(OR^ = 1.42,95%CI:1.15~1.76)、术中胰管显影(OR^ = 3.07,95%CI:2.58~3.65)、胆管插管困难(OR^ = 3.04,95%CI:2.51~3.69)、奥迪括约肌功能障碍(SOD)(OR^ = 3.42,95%CI:2.58~4.54)、术中球囊扩张(OR^ = 1.61,95%CI:1.14~2.29)、PEP病史(OR^ = 3.01,95%CI:1.43~6.34)和胰管支架置入(OR^ = 1.66,95%CI:1.17~2.35)是发生PEP的独立危险因素;男性是发生PEP的保护因素(OR^ = 0.70,95%CI:0.63~0.78)。 结论 女性、年龄 < 60岁、胰腺炎病史、EST、术中胰管显影、胆管插管困难、SOD、术中球囊扩张、PEP病史和胰管支架置入是发生PEP的独立危险因素,术前应充分评估,术后应加强预防,尽可能地减少PEP的发生。

Abstract

Objective To systematically identify and analyze the risk factors for post endoscopic retrograde cholangiopancreatography pancreatitis (PEP). Methods Electronic databases, including CNKI, Wanfang, VIP, PubMed, Embase, Web of Science, and the Cochrane Library, were systematically searched from inception to June 2025 for studies investigating risk factors for PEP. Following literature screening and data extraction, a meta-analysis was performed using RevMan 5.4 software. Results A total of 53 retrospective studies (24 in English, 29 in Chinese), involving 81,129 patients were included. Meta-analysis demonstrated that the following factors were significantly associated with an increased risk of PEP: age < 60 years (OR^ = 1.54, 95%CI: 1.24 ~ 1.92), history of pancreatitis (OR^ = 3.21, 95%CI: 2.46 ~ 4.20), endoscopic sphincterotomy (EST) (OR^ = 1.42, 95%CI: 1.15 ~ 1.76), pancreatic duct opacification (OR^ = 3.07, 95%CI: 2.58 ~ 3.65), difficult biliary cannulation (OR^ = 3.04, 95%CI: 2.51 ~ 3.69), sphincter of Oddi dysfunction (SOD) (OR^ = 3.42, 95%CI: 2.58 ~ 4.54), intraoperative balloon dilation (OR^ = 1.61, 95%CI: 1.14 ~ 2.29), history of PEP (OR^ = 3.01, 95%CI: 1.43 ~ 6.34), and pancreatic duct stent placement (OR^ = 1.66, 95%CI: 1.17 ~ 2.35). In contrast, the male gender was identified as a protective factor (OR^ = 0.70, 95%CI: 0.63 ~ 0.78). Conclusion Female, age < 60 years, history of pancreatitis, EST, pancreatic duct opacification, SOD, intraoperative balloon dilation, difficult biliary cannulation, and a history of PEP and pancreatic duct stent placement are independent risk factors for PEP. They should be fully evaluated before the operation, and prevention should be strengthened after the operation to minimize the occurrence of PEP as much as possible.

Graphical abstract

关键词

内镜逆行胰胆管造影术后胰腺炎(PEP) / 危险因素 / Meta分析

Key words

post endoscopic retrograde cholangiopancreatography (PEP) / risk factors / Meta-analysis

引用本文

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王健,谢国伟,刘小琴,张朝琴,潘俊江. 内镜逆行胰胆管造影术后胰腺炎危险因素的Meta分析[J]. 中国内镜杂志, 2026, 32(7): 49-64 DOI:10.12235/E20250467

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内镜逆行胰胆管造影术(endoscopic retrograde cholangiopancreatography,ERCP)是临床常用的治疗胆胰疾病的内镜技术[1]。但ERCP为有创手术,也是并发症发生率最高的内镜技术,其并发症发生率为0.5%~7.0%,死亡率为0.2%[2]。内镜逆行胰胆管造影术后胰腺炎(post endoscopic retrograde cholangiopancreatography pancreatitis,PEP)是其最常见和最严重的并发症之一,发生率约为5.0%~10.0%,部分甚至可达到40.0%[3-4]。PEP以轻症病例最为常见,但重症病例可危及患者生命。预防和减少PEP的风险,是临床研究的重点[5]。识别PEP的危险因素,早诊断和早治疗,是降低PEP发生率和病死率的重要手段[1]。基于此,本研究采用Meta分析,进一步总结PEP的危险因素,以期为临床预防PEP提供参考。

1 资料和方法

1.1 文献检索

由两位研究者分别独立运用计算机,检索中国知网、万方、维普、PubMed、Embase、Web of Science和Cochrane Library数据库,收集建库至2025年6月的,关于PEP危险因素的研究报道,不限研究类型,检索语言仅限于中文和英文。检索词包括但不限于:内镜逆行胰胆管造影术、ERCP、胰腺炎、危险因素、endoscopic retrograde cholangiopancreatography、pancreatitis、risk factor,并检索纳入文献的参考文献,以扩大检索范围。

1.2 纳入标准与排除标准

纳入标准:1)探讨PEP危险因素的研究;2)至少提供了一项可用数据;3)中文和英文文献。排除标准:1)研究内容与本项研究主题不符;2)重复的报道、会议论文和综述等;3)无法获取原文或无可用数据的报道;4)质量较低的研究。

1.3 文献筛选

两名研究者通过阅读题目和摘要,对所有文献进行初步筛选。全文阅读所有初筛的文献后,最终筛选出符合本研究的文献。

1.4 资料提取

两名研究者独立进行。当对提取数据有分歧时,交由第三人做最终决定。提取的一般资料包括:作者、年份、国家、年龄和病例数量等。

1.5 质量评价

使用纽卡斯尔-渥太华量表(Newcastle-Ottawa Scale,NOS)对纳入的文献进行评分。NOS通过三个维度进行评分:1)研究人群选择:包括暴露组/病例的代表性,非暴露组/对照的选择等;2)组间可比性:评价研究在设计或分析中是否控制了最重要的混杂因素;3)结果测量:包括结果评价方法的恰当性,随访是否充分等。总分为9分,≥ 5分的为高质量研究[6]。对于评价过程中的分歧,由第三位研究者参与讨论,直至达成一致。

1.6 统计学方法

选用RevMan 5.4软件对提取的数据进行统计学分析。采用I2统计量法进行异质性检验(I2 > 50.0%,考虑存在异质性),对有异质性的研究选用随机效应模型分析;反之,则选用固定效应模型合并数据。P < 0.05为差异有统计学意义。

2 结果

2.1 文献筛选流程及纳入文献基本特征

检索获得文献3 715篇,通过筛选后共纳入53项回顾性研究[4,7-58]。其中,英文文献24篇,中文文献29篇,共计81 129例患者,PEP组5 472例,非PEP组75 657例,PEP发生率为6.7%。文献筛选流程见图1。文献特征及质量评价见表1。两名研究者分别提取数据后进行数据整合,最终将16项因素纳入Meta分析,分别为:性别、年龄、糖尿病、高血压、胰腺炎病史、内镜十二指肠乳头括约肌切开术(endoscopic sphincterotomy,EST)、术中胰管显影、胆管插管困难、奥迪括约肌功能障碍(sphincter of Oddi dysfunction,SOD)、术中球囊扩张、胆道支架置入、PEP病史、壶腹部憩室、鼻胆管引流、ERCP类型和胰管支架置入。

2.2 Meta分析结果

2.2.1 性别

47项研究分析了性别与PEP的关系[4,7-10,13-15,17-18,20,22-47,49-58]。各研究之间有异质性(I2 = 52%,P < 0.001),逐一剔除文献后,显示结果稳健,故采用随机效应模型进行分析。结果显示:男性(OR^ = 0.70,95%CI:0.63~0.78)为发生PEP的保护因素。见图2。

2.2.2 年龄

23项以60岁为界的研究分析了年龄与PEP的关系[8-11,13,16,20-22,26-28,31-33,38,43,46,49-50,54-56]。各研究之间有异质性(I2 = 80%,P < 0.001),逐一剔除文献后,显示结果稳健,采用随机效应模型进行分析。结果显示:年龄 < 60岁与PEP的发生有关(OR^ = 1.54,95%CI:1.24~1.92)。见图3。

2.2.3 糖尿病

22项研究分析了糖尿病与PEP的关系[9,11-12,16,20-22,26,28,30,33,36,40,42,46,49-50,52-53,55-57]。各研究之间无异质性(I2 = 48%,P = 0.007),采用固定效应模型进行分析。结果显示:两组比较,差异无统计学意义(OR^ = 0.91,95%CI:0.80~1.02)。见图4。

2.2.4 高血压

19项研究分析了高血压与PEP的关系[9,11,16,20-22,26,28,30,33,40,42,46,49-50,52-53,55-56]。各研究之间无异质性(I2 = 23%,P = 0.180),采用固定效应模型进行分析。结果显示:两组比较,差异无统计学意义(OR^ = 0.96,95%CI:0.85~1.09)。见图5。

2.2.5 胰腺炎病史

38项研究分析了既往胰腺炎病史与PEP的关系[4,7-9,11-12,14-22,25-26,28,30,33-34,36,39,42,44,46-58]。各研究之间有异质性(I2 = 88%,P < 0.001),逐一剔除文献后,显示结果稳健,故采用随机效应模型进行分析。结果显示:胰腺炎病史与PEP的发生有关(OR^ = 3.21,95%CI:2.46~4.20)。见图6。

2.2.6 EST

36项研究分析了EST与PEP的关系[4,7-8,11-22,24-25,27,29-30,32,34-35,37,39-41,44-46,48,50,52-53,55,57]。各研究之间有异质性(I2 = 82%,P < 0.001),逐一剔除文献后,显示结果稳健,故采用随机效应模型进行分析。结果显示:EST与PEP的发生有关(OR^ = 1.42,95%CI:1.15~1.76)。见图7。

2.2.7 术中胰管显影

32项研究分析了术中胰管显影与PEP的关系[9,11,14,16,20-21,24-25,27-28,31-35,37,39-40,44-53,55-58]。各研究之间有异质性(I2 = 60%,P < 0.001),逐一剔除文献后,显示结果稳健,故采用随机效应模型进行分析。结果显示:术中胰管显影与PEP的发生有关(OR^ = 3.07,95%CI:2.58~3.65)。见图8。

2.2.8 胆管插管困难

22项研究分析了术中胆管插管情况与PEP的关系[4,7-8,11,15,20-21,24,30-31,33-34,37-38,44,46,49-50,52-53,55,57]。各研究之间有异质性(I2 = 66%,P < 0.001),逐一剔除文献后,显示结果稳健,故采用随机效应模型进行分析。结果显示:胆管插管困难与PEP的发生有关(OR^ = 3.04,95%CI:2.51~3.69)。见图9。

2.2.9 SOD

26项研究分析了SOD与PEP的关系[8,10-11,15-16,18-19,21-22,25,28,41-44,46-48,51-58]。各研究之间有异质性(I2 = 77%,P < 0.001),逐一剔除文献后,显示结果稳健,故采用随机效应模型进行分析。结果显示:SOD与PEP的发生有关(OR^ = 3.42,95%CI:2.58~4.54)。见图10。

2.2.10 术中球囊扩张

25项研究分析了术中球囊扩张与PEP的关系[4,7-8,14-15,18,20-24,29-30,32,35,37-38,41,44-45,48,50,52-53,57]。各研究之间有异质性(I2 = 84%,P < 0.001),逐一剔除文献后,显示结果稳健,故采用随机效应模型进行分析。结果显示,术中球囊扩张与PEP的发生有关(OR^ = 1.61,95%CI:1.14~2.29)。见图11。

2.2.11 胆道支架置入

19项研究分析了术中胆管支架置入与PEP的关系[7,12-14,20,22,27,30-34,41-42,44-45,48,52-53]。各研究之间有异质性(I2 = 72%,P < 0.001),逐一剔除文献后,显示结果稳健,故采用随机效应模型进行分析。结果显示:两组比较,差异无统计学意义(OR^ = 1.07,95%CI:0.84~1.36)。见图12。

2.2.12 PEP病史

7项研究分析了既往PEP病史与PEP的关系[8,10,14,25,34,38,44]。各研究之间有异质性(I2 = 83%,P < 0.001),逐一剔除文献后,显示结果稳健,故采用随机效应模型进行分析。结果显示:既往PEP病史与PEP的发生有关(OR^ = 3.01,95%CI:1.43~6.34)。见图13。

2.2.13 壶腹部憩室

20项研究分析了壶腹部憩室与PEP的关系[4,8,10-11,17-19,21,24,26-27,31,37,44,46,48-50,55,57]。各研究之间有异质性(I2 = 70%,P < 0.001),逐一剔除文献后,显示结果稳健,故采用随机效应模型进行分析。结果显示:两组比较,差异无统计学意义(OR^ = 1.08,95%CI:0.86~1.37)。见图14。

2.2.14 鼻胆管引流

15项研究分析了鼻胆管引流与PEP的关系[4,17,20,30,32-33,37,41,43-44,48,52-54,56]。各研究之间有异质性(I2 = 83%,P < 0.001),逐一剔除文献后,显示结果稳健,故采用随机效应模型进行分析。结果显示:两组比较,差异无统计学意义(OR^ = 0.75,95%CI:0.52~1.07)。见图15。

2.2.15 ERCP类型

7项研究分析了不同类型ERCP与PEP的关系[7-8,10-11,32,46,54]。各研究之间有异质性(I2 = 85%,P < 0.001),逐一剔除文献后,显示结果稳健,故采用随机效应模型进行分析。结果显示:两组比较,差异无统计学意义(OR^ = 1.62,95%CI:0.97~2.70)。见图16。

2.2.16 胰管支架置入

14项研究分析了胰管支架置入与PEP的关系[8,10,12,20,24-27,35,40,44-45,48,52]。各研究之间有异质性(I2 = 70%,P < 0.001),逐一剔除文献后,显示结果稳健,故采用随机效应模型进行分析。结果显示:胰管支架置入与PEP的发生有关(OR^ = 1.66,95%CI:1.17~2.35)。见图17。

2.3 发表偏倚

以性别为例进行了漏斗图检测,结果显示:漏斗图趋势大致对称,Begg检验结果P = 0.313,提示不存在发表偏倚,结论可靠。见图18。

3 讨论

3.1 导致PEP发生的危险因素

导致PEP发生的危险因素一直是临床备受关注的话题。既往有研究[59-60]进行了相关讨论,并建立了多种预测模型,但侧重点各不相同,结论也尚未完全统一,甚至相互矛盾[52]。随着内镜技术的进步和设备的更新,患者和操作相关因素对PEP的影响可能发生了变化[4],但PEP的发生率并未明显降低[2]。如何减少PEP的发生,仍是临床亟需解决的问题。因此,笔者进行了这项Meta分析,对现有的相关研究进行分析,探讨导致PEP发生的危险因素。本研究结果表明,女性、年龄 < 60岁、胰腺炎病史、EST、术中胰管显影、胆管插管困难、SOD、术中球囊扩张、胰管支架置入和PEP病史与PEP的发生明显相关,这与以往的研究[61]结论一致。性别可能受体重指数的影响。以往极少有研究关注体重指数对PEP的影响,近年来已有相关研究开始注意到这一因素[34],但本研究没能提取到可用数据进行Meta分析,未来还需进一步讨论。糖尿病、高血压、胆道支架置入、壶腹部憩室和鼻胆管引流与PEP的发生与否并无相关性。行诊断性和治疗性ERCP后,PEP的发生率并无差异,但对于原发疾病良恶性质是否影响PEP的发生,尚缺乏足够的研究。目前,诊断性ERCP应用越来越广泛,笔者认为,这应该作为未来相关研究的重点问题之一进一步讨论。

值得注意的是,以往多数研究[62-63]认为,胰管支架置入是PEP的保护因素,但本研究发现,术中胰管支架置入是PEP的危险因素,分析这一结论不同的原因,可能是没有将胰管与胆管分开讨论。因为胰管支架在胆道ERCP中是预防性操作,而在胰管ERCP中是治疗性操作,不区分胆胰管的ERCP操作特点,可能导致结果存在差异[48]。这对临床实践具有重要启示:若ERCP操作类型(胆管与胰管)是导致既往结论不同的关键,对于PEP的预防策略,应从“普适性”向“个体化”转变。具体而言,在以胆总管结石取石为代表的单纯胆管操作中,患者基线PEP风险相对较低,常规放置胰管支架的净获益不明确,需谨慎权衡其成本与潜在风险(如:支架移位和胰管损伤等)。反之,在涉及胰管显影或干预的高危操作中(如:疑似SOD),PEP的发生风险明显增高,胰管支架的预防价值则更为明确。因此,本研究结果间接提示,未来临床指南或决策流程有必要依据ERCP的具体适应证,细化预防措施。

需要指出的是,由于多数原始文献未报道按操作类型分层的结局数据,导致无法通过亚组分析直接验证上述假设。因此,“未区分胆管与胰管ERCP”这一解释虽符合病理生理机制,但仍属基于间接证据的合理推论。这一关键问题,有待未来的前瞻性研究通过预先分层设计或基于患者个体数据的Meta分析予以进一步验证。

3.2 异质性的来源

本项研究中,多项主要结局指标均存在异质性(I² > 50%),进一步分析没能找到异质性的来源。尽管已采用随机效应模型进行合并分析,但深入探讨异质性的潜在来源,对合理解读结果至关重要。笔者认为,异质性可能源自以下几个方面:1)研究设计:虽以观察性研究为主,但具体设计方案与方法学质量存在差异;2)患者:各研究纳入人群的人种差异、ERCP适应证不完全统一,这些均可能是异质性的重要来源;3)干预:操作者经验可能是重要影响因素之一;4)结局测量:尽管普遍遵循共识标准诊断PEP,但对胰腺炎严重程度的分级细节可能存在差异。本研究的意义在于:这是目前较大样本量的Meta分析,纳入研究和分析因素多,具有较强的临床参考价值。

3.3 本研究的局限性

1)由于时间跨度较大,可能存在检索不全面;2)纳入文献较多,对于PEP的定义标准存在不同,这可能降低结论的证据力度;3)纳入的文献均为回顾性研究,可能存在选择偏倚,且多数结论纳入研究间存在异质性,采用了随机效应模型进行合并分析,同样也降低了证据力度;4)没有提取到更多的手术因素和操作者因素(如:术者经验因素),这可能影响结论的全面性。因此,未来需进一步开展设计严谨、对患者特征和干预细节报告规范的高质量研究,以获取更为一致的高级别证据。

综上所述,女性、年龄 < 60岁、胰腺炎病史、EST、术中胰管显影、胆管插管困难、SOD、术中球囊扩张、PEP病史和胰管支架置入是发生PEP的危险因素。对于存在危险因素的患者,建议谨慎选择ERCP,术后注意PEP的预防。

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四川省临床重点专科建设项目(20232QXHKP001)

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