The study aims to explore the overview of the development of new-quality agricultural productivity in China. Theoretically, based on the theory of industrial capital circulation, this study clarifies the logical development of new-quality productivity in agriculture, and empirically, an evaluation index system for new-quality agricultural productivity is constructed from four aspects including new-quality agricultural laborers, new-quality agricultural labor objects, new-quality agricultural means of labor, and leapfrogging through optimized combinations. A combined model of game theory-based combined weighting and TOPSIS-VIKOR is adopted to measure the development levels of new-quality productivity in agriculture across 30 provinces in China from 2012 to 2022 (The data do not include those of Xizang, Hong Kong, Macao and Taiwan regions, the same below). The Dagum Gini coefficient, Kernel density estimation and Moran’s I index are utilized to analyze the regional disparities and spatio-temporal evolution characteristics. The findings reveal that: During the study period, China's new-quality agricultural productivity level increased annually but remained relatively low, and there were notable disparities across the four major economic zones and three major grain production functional areas. The indices across dimensions rank from high to low as follows: new-quality agricultural means of labor>new-quality agricultural laborers>new-quality agricultural labor objects>leapfrogging through optimized combinations. The overall difference in new-quality agricultural productivity levels fluctuated and declined, and the inter-regional disparities were the primary source of overall disparities. Among most provinces within each region, the absolute difference in new-quality agricultural productivity levels increased, but the polarization phenomenon weakened. There is a spatial positive correlation in the development level of new-quality agricultural productivity, and the most significant correlation is observed in major grain-producing areas.
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