复合改良剂对华南酸化Cd污染稻田修复效果的评估
魏岚, 黄连喜, 陈伟盛, 高双全, 李翔, 刘传平, 刘忠珍
中国农业大学学报 ›› 2026, Vol. 31 ›› Issue (8) : 62 -77.
复合改良剂对华南酸化Cd污染稻田修复效果的评估
Evaluation of the remediation efficiency of combined amendments on acidic Cd-contaminated paddy fields in South China
为构建适用于华南典型酸化Cd污染稻田改良效果的综合评价体系,以‘软华优6100’(早稻)和‘野香优9号’(晚稻)为试验材料,田间试验设置生物炭+有机肥(D1)、生物炭+海泡石(D2)、生物炭+膨润土(D3)、生物炭+碱渣(D4)、有机肥+海泡石(D5)、有机肥+膨润土(D6)、有机肥+碱渣(D7)、海泡石+碱渣(D8)和膨润土+碱渣(D9)共9个复合改良剂组合,每个处理中的2种改良剂质量比均为1∶1,每个试验小区改良剂的总施用量相同,为4 500 kg/hm2,以不施用改良剂为对照(CK),分别测定水稻糙米的Cd含量及土壤pH、有机质、碱解氮、有效磷、速效钾、有效态Cd含量等指标;基于土壤质量提升和安全利用的修复效果调整Cd污染稻田评估指标体系中的筛选指标及权重,并结合经济成本分析对不同复合改良剂的效果进行综合评估。结果表明:1)9种复合改良剂处理的早稻产量比CK高26.84%~61.72%(P<0.05),糙米中Cd含量比CK低40.23%~67.89%(P<0.05),早稻糙米的Cd含量均符合国家食品安全标准;除D5和D8外,其余7个处理的晚季水稻糙米Cd含量也均符合国家食品安全标准。含有机肥处理(D1、D5~D7)的早稻产量波动较小,且早、晚稻产量均显著高于其他处理。含生物炭处理(D1~D4)晚稻糙米中Cd含量较低,均值为0.16 mg/kg,其中D2处理对降低晚稻Cd的效果最优。2)各复合改良剂处理均可显著提高早、晚季稻田土壤的pH,早稻土壤有机质含量较CK高1.06%~11.55%(P<0.05),早季稻田土壤有效态Cd含量较晚季低14.67%~37.04%(P<0.05),早、晚季稻田土壤碱解氮、有效磷、阳离子交换量则与CK无显著差异。含碱渣的处理(D4、D7~D9)对土壤pH的提升效果优于含生物炭(早季稻田高0.02和晚季稻田高0.03)和含有机肥的处理(早季高0.08和晚季高0.04)。含生物炭的处理(D1~D4)对于土壤有机质积累和降低土壤有效态Cd的效果均优于其他处理,早、晚稻土壤有机质含量分别比含碱渣和含有机肥处理的高1.79、1.92 g/kg和0.22、0.84 g/kg,含生物炭处理的早稻土壤有效态Cd的最大降幅达32.85%,至晚稻结束后依然比CK低13.46%。综合评价显示,除D5和D8外,7种复合改良剂处理的早、晚季水稻糙米Cd含量均低于国家食品安全标准;含有机肥和含碱渣的处理全年产投比均较高;而从多目标协同与持续修复能力角度评估,含生物炭的处理(D1~D4)得分均较高,其中D2的早、晚稻的综合表现最优,且展现出更为持久的稻田修复效果。综上,在本试验条件下,结合土壤环境、农产品安全和成本的多目标协同评估,生物炭+海泡石按照质量比1∶1的配施处理(D2)为最佳复合改良剂。
This study aimed to establish a comprehensive evaluation system for assessing the remediation effects of combined amendments on typical acidified Cd-contaminated paddy fields in South China. Using early rice cultivar ‘Ruanhuayou 6100’ and late rice cultivar ‘Yexiangyou 9’ as test materials, a field experiment was conducted with nine combined amendment treatments: Biochar + organic fertilizer (D1), biochar + sepiolite (D2), biochar + bentonite (D3), biochar + alkaline residue (D4), organic fertilizer + sepiolite (D5), organic fertilizer + bentonite (D6), organic fertilizer + alkaline residue (D7), sepiolite + alkaline residue (D8), and bentonite + alkaline residue (D9). A control (CK) with no amendment application was established. The mass ratio of the two amendment materials in each treatment was 1∶1, and the total application rate of amendments was the same for each plot, equivalent to 4 500 kg/hm2. Cd content of rice grain, soil pH, organic matter, alkali-hydrolyzable nitrogen, available phosphorus, available potassium, and available Cd content were measured. The indicators and their weights in the evaluation index system for Cd-contaminated paddy field were adjusted based on the remediation effects aimed at soil quality improvement and rice safe production, and the performance of different combination of amendments was comprehensively assessed along with economic cost analysis. The results showed that: 1) The early rice yield under all nine combined amendment treatments was 26.84%-61.72% higher than that of CK (P<0.05), and the Cd content in early brown rice was 40.23%-67.89% lower than that of CK. The brown rice Cd content in early rice all was lower than the national food safety standard in all treatments. For late rice, brown rice Cd content in 7 treatments (excluding D5 and D8) fell below the national food safety standard. Organic fertilizer-containing treatments (D1 and D5-D7) exhibited smaller yield fluctuations, and their early and late rice yields were significantly higher than those of other treatments. Biochar-containing treatments (D1-D4) had low brown rice Cd content in late rice, with a mean value of 0.16 mg/kg, among which D2 (biochar + sepiolite) exhibited the best Cd reduction effect. 2) All amendment treatments significantly increased soil pH in both seasons. Soil organic matter content in early rice was 1.06%-11.55% higher than that of CK (P<0.05), and soil available Cd content was in early-season 14.67%-37.04% lower than that in late-season (P<0.05), while alkali-hydrolyzable nitrogen, available phosphorus, and cation exchange capacity in paddy soil of early-and late-season showed no significant differences compared with CK. Alkaline residue-containing treatments (D4, D7-D9) achieved higher soil pH values than biochar-containing treatments (0.02 higher in early season and 0.03 higher in late season) and organic fertilizer-containing treatments (0.02 higher in early season and 0.03 higher in late season). Biochar-containing treatments (D1-D4) performed better than other treatments in enhancing soil organic matter accumulation and reducing soil available Cd content. The soil organic matter content in early and late rice under biochar-containing treatments was 1.79 and 1.92 g/kg higher than that under alkaline residue-containing treatments, and 0.22 and 0.84 g/kg higher than that under organic fertilizer-containing treatments, respectively. The maximum reduction in soil available Cd content in early rice under biochar-containing treatments reached 32.85%, and it remained 13.46% lower than CK by the end of the late rice season. Comprehensive evaluation showed that, except for D5 and D8, the Cd content in brown rice of early and late rice under the seven combined amendment treatments was below the national food safety standard. Treatments containing organic fertilizer and alkaline residue showed relatively high annual output-to-input ratios. From the perspective of multi-objective synergy and sustained remediation capacity, biochar-containing treatments (D1-D4) achieved higher scores, with D2 (biochar + sepiolite) demonstrating the best comprehensive performance in both early and late rice, and demonstrating more sustained remediation effects. In conclusion, under the conditions of this experiment, based on the multi-objective synergistic evaluation of soil environment, agricultural product safety, and cost, the combined application of biochar and sepiolite at a mass ratio of 1∶1 (D2) was identified as the optimal combined amendment.
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