To consolidate the foundation of food security and promote high-quality development of the grain industry, this study utilizes the balanced panel data from 30 Chinese provinces from 2011 to 2022 (Statistics exclude the Xizang Autonomous Region and the Hong Kong, Macao, and Taiwan regions. The same applies below). An evaluation index system is constructed for new-quality productive forces in the grain sector. Methods such as the Dagum Gini coefficient, kernel density estimation, Markov chain transition matrices, and spatial Durbin models are employed to investigate regional disparities, dynamic evolution, and influencing factors. The results show that: 1) The level of the new quality productivity of grain has been increasing year by year, showing a zonal pattern of “main production areas>main sales areas>production and sales balanced areas”. High-level areas are concentrated in the eastern coastal areas and central main production areas, while low-value areas are concentrated in the western regions and production-sales balanced areas. 2) From the perspective of dimensions, the new quality labor means of grain have the fastest growth rate, while the growth rates of the new quality laborers and the optimization of factor combinations are relatively slow. 3) The overall difference of the new quality productivity of grain has fluctuated and risen, and the regional differences are the main source of the overall differences. The polarization trend within each region has gradually emerged over time. 4) The development of the new quality productivity of grain is relatively stable, and there is a “club convergence”phenomenon. At the same time, the level of the new quality productivity of grain has a significant synergy with the type of neighboring areas, and high-level areas can drive the development of neighboring areas. 5) The level of economic development can significantly promote the development of the new quality productivity of grain in the local and surrounding areas. The transformation of consumption structure and the urbanization rate have a positive effect on the development of the new quality productivity of grain in the local area, but have a negative effect on the development of neighboring areas. Extreme climate disasters severely restrict the development level of the new quality productivity of grain. In view of this, this study proposes policy recommendations from four aspects: focusing on the core development shortfalls, improving the regional coordination mechanism, establishing a dynamic monitoring system, and optimizing the combination of policy and influencing factors.
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