To investigate the “overshooting” phenomenon in international grain price transmission and address the dual challenges of structural supply gaps and the lack of international pricing power in China’s grain market, this study constructs static and dynamic spillover index models based on futures and spot price data of major domestic and international grain varieties from 2018 to 2024. The price spillover effects, elasticity ranges, and asymmetric characteristics of international grain futures on the domestic market under exogenous shocks are systemically examined. The findings are as follows: 1) The spillover intensity of international grain futures is significantly higher than that of domestic markets, with Chicago Board of Trade (CBOT) soybeans exhibiting the strongest spillover effects, and a significant “upside sensitivity” phenomenon is observed in both domestic and international markets; 2) Price spillovers exhibit significant heterogeneity across varieties and asymmetry, with soybeans and corn being the most affected by exogenous shocks. Furthermore, the spillover effects are significantly stronger during price increase phases than during decrease phases; 3) The market adjustment mechanism demonstrates a U-shaped dynamic pattern of “short-term suppression and long-term enhancement”under exogenous shocks, where policy intervention plays a crucial role in stabilizing the market. Based on results, this study proposes the following policy recommendations: constructing variety-specific risk management tools to enhance the market resilience of grain futures; implementing categorized regulation strategies based on supply-demand elasticity and trade dependence; and establishing a coordinated regulatory mechanism that integrates “short-term emergency response” and “long-term fundamental solutions”.
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