脲酶抑制剂协同优化施氮对强筋冬小麦产量及品质的影响
Effects of urease inhibitor combined with optimized nitrogen application on yield and quality of strong‑gluten winter wheat
为探究脲酶抑制剂协同优化施氮对强筋冬小麦氮素利用效率、产量、籽粒营养品质及面团、面包加工品质的影响,2023—2024年在河北省邯郸市曲周县开展田间试验,设置常规施氮300 kg/hm²(CONV,施氮量以纯N计,下同)、优化施氮200 kg/hm²(OPT),以及优化基础上减量施氮155 kg/hm²(OPT-)和增量施氮245 kg/hm²(OPT+)、优化施氮配施脲酶抑制剂处理200 kg/hm²(OUI)和不施氮处理(CK),测定小麦氮素吸收利用效率、干物质积累与转运、产量及产量构成要素,以及籽粒蛋白质和湿面筋含量、粉质指标、拉伸性能、面包品质评分等指标,分析施氮措施、氮素利用与加工品质之间的关系。结果表明:1)与CONV相比,OPT和OUI处理均可显著提升小麦氮肥偏生产力、氮肥农学效率、花后干物质积累量和小麦籽粒产量。与OPT相比,OUI处理的氮肥偏生产力和氮肥农学效率分别升高1.89%和4.67%(P<0.05),穗数增加4.54%(P<0.05),花后干物质积累量亦显著提升。OPT和OPT+处理的小麦籽粒产量较OPT-处理分别升高10.96%和11.13%(P<0.05)。2)小麦籽粒蛋白质和湿面筋含量以OUI处理最高,显著高于其他处理(OPT-、OPT+、CK、CONV)。与OPT相比,OUI处理的蛋白质含量、面团稳定时间和延展性分别升高9.62%、18.30%和6.85%(P<0.05),OPT的湿面筋、蛋白质含量和吸水率均显著高于CONV和OPT-。3)CK的冬小麦面包体积、质地、外观、结构均显著低于其他施氮处理,OPT处理的面包品质评分表现最佳,其面包体积(843.5 mL)、质地(8.3分)和芯色(3.3分)及综合总分(81.1分)均为最高,综合总分较OPT-和OUI处理分别高7.28%和8.42%(P<0.05)。综上,华北平原强筋冬小麦的适宜施氮量为200~245 kg/hm²,该范围可兼顾高产与优质;其中,采用优化施氮配施脲酶抑制剂处理(OUI),能显著提升籽粒蛋白质含量及面团流变学特性,是该区域强筋冬小麦实现高产优质生产的推荐施肥方案。
To investigate the effects of urease inhibitor-coordinated nitrogen application on nitrogen use efficiency, yield, grain nutritional quality, and dough and bread processing quality of strong-gluten winter wheat, a field experiment was conducted in Quzhou County, Handan City, Hebei Province from 2023 to 2024. A total of six treatments were established: Conventional nitrogen application of 300 kg/hm² (CONV,nitrogen rate calculated as pure N,the same below), optimized nitrogen application of 200 kg/hm² (OPT), as well as reduced nitrogen application of 155 kg/hm² (OPT-) and increased nitrogen application of 245 kg/hm² (OPT+), optimized nitrogen application combined with urease inhibitor of 200 kg/hm² (OUI), and no nitrogen application (CK). The nitrogen uptake and utilization efficiency, dry matter accumulation and remobilization, yield and yield components of wheat, as well as grain protein and wet gluten contents, farinograph parameters, extensibility properties, and bread quality scores were determined. The regulatory relationships among nitrogen application measures, nitrogen utilization, and processing quality were systematically analyzed. The results showed that: 1) Compared with CONV, both OPT and OUI treatments significantly increased nitrogen partial factor productivity, nitrogen agronomic efficiency, post-anthesis dry matter accumulation, and grain yield. Compared with OPT, OUI treatment significantly increased nitrogen partial factor productivity and nitrogen agronomic efficiency by 1.89% and 4.67% (P<0.05), respectively. OUI treatment also significantly increased spike number by 4.54% (P<0.05), and post-anthesis dry matter accumulation. Grain yields of OPT and OPT+ treatments were significantly higher than that of OPT- treatment by 10.96% and 11.13%, respectively. 2) Grain protein and wet gluten contents were highest in the OUI treatment, significantly higher than those in all other treatments (OPT-, OPT+, CK, CONV). Compared with OPT, OUI treatment significantly increased protein content, dough stability, and extensibility by 9.62%, 18.30%, and 6.85% (P<0.05), respectively. The wet gluten content, protein content, and water absorption of OPT treatment were significantly higher than those of CONV and OPT- treatments. 3) The bread volume, texture, appearance, and structure of winter wheat under the no nitrogen application treatment (CK) were significantly lower than those under all nitrogen application treatments. Among all treatments, OPT treatment exhibited the best bread quality, with the highest bread volume (843.5 mL), crumb texture (8.3 points), crumb color (3.3 points), and overall score (81.1 points). The overall score of OPT treatment was significantly higher than that of OPT- and OUI treatments by 7.28% and 8.42% (P<0.05), respectively. In conclusion, for strong-gluten winter wheat production in the North China Plain, controlling nitrogen application rate at 200 to 245 kg/hm² can simultaneously improve wheat yield and nitrogen use efficiency while enhancing grain nutritional quality and processing quality. Among these treatments,the optimized nitrogen application combined with urease inhibitor (OUI) significantly improved grain protein concentration and key dough rheological properties, and is therefore recommended as a fertilization strategy for achieving high yield and quality in this region.
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