To reveal the mechanisms through which risk perception and risk attitude affect beef cattle farmers’ risk management behaviors, and to enrich micro-level evidence on preventive risk management behavior, this study examines the vaccination behavior of 256 beef cattle farmers in Heilongjiang, Jilin, and Shaanxi provinces by using factor analysis, an ordered Probit model, and hierarchical regression. The results show that: 1) Both risk perception and risk attitude significantly promote farmers’ risk management behavior. Farmers with higher levels of risk perception and stronger risk-averse attitudes are more likely to adopt preventive control measures such as vaccination. 2) Risk attitude plays a significant positive moderating role between risk perception and risk management behavior; that is, a risk-averse attitude strengthens the positive effect of risk perception on risk management behavior. 3) The risk cognition mechanism exhibits heterogeneity. Livelihood structure significantly moderates the transmission strength from risk perception to vaccination, while the direct effect of risk attitude remains generally stable across different livelihood structures. Meanwhile, participation in training changes, to some extent, the marginal effects of risk perception and risk attitude on vaccination behavior. In conclusion, this study recommends adopting an “information-incentive-capacity” policy package to increase farmers’ ex ante investment in epidemic prevention, improve the provision of actionable risk information, provide supporting incentives and convenient immunization services, optimize training through procedural and on-site implementation, and implement differentiated resource allocation according to the functional positioning of different regions within the live cattle circulation chain, thereby enhancing policy operability and national applicability.
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