To scientifically guide centralized and contiguous improvement of fragmented farmland, this study takes fragmented farmland of less than 1/3 hm2 as the evaluation unit and constructs a farmland suitability assessment system from four dimensions: basic conditions, natural quality, distribution and utilization, and farming conditions. A comprehensive assessment of farmland suitability and obstacle identification for fragmented farmland in Guangdong Province was conducted. The results show that: 1) Fragmented farmland of “less than 1/3 hm2” in the province is highly spatially concentrated, mainly distributed in Meizhou City, Heyuan City, Zhanjiang City, and other regions. 2) The proportions of fragmented farmland of “less than 1/3 hm2” with different levels of farmland suitability are 18%, 48%, and 34% at Levels 1, 2, and 3, respectively. Significant spatial differentiation exists across different spatial levels. Level 1 farmland suitability areas are mainly distributed in Meizhou City, Heyuan City, Zhanjiang City, and other regions. 3) There are certain differences in the dominant obstacle factors of fragmented farmland with different farmland suitability levels; Overall, distribution and utilization are the primary obstacle dimensions, while farming conditions are the least significant one. 4) Combining the results of the farmland suitability assessment and obstacle factor identification, fragmented farmland is classified into five types for remediation, namely, priority improvement areas, key tackling areas, restricted transformation areas, conservation and utilization areas, with respective area proportions of 5%, 30%, 15%, 13%, and 37%, respectively. Priority improvement areas are mainly distributed in Meizhou City, Heyuan City, Guangzhou City, and other regions. In general, there are significant differences in farmland suitability among different improvement areas. Differentiated improvement strategies, such as land transfer, engineering renovation, multi-functional development, and facility improvement, should be adopted based on local conditions and the dominant obstacles.
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