Addressing the problem that the long-term operation performance of high-standard farmland is difficult to sustain due to the widespread “overemphasize construction and neglect management and protection”, this study, under the assumption of bounded rationality, employs evolutionary game theory to systematically characterize the dynamic strategic interaction among the three parties of “construction, subject-insurance, company-farmer” in insurance decision-making, participation depth and management and protection behavior selection. The influence of key institutional parameters on the evolution path and equilibrium results of the system are examined by numerical simulation and scenario analysis. The results show that whether the construction subject is insured is the key precondition for the intervention of the insurance mechanism, and the lack of insurance incentive will make the system fall into the non-ideal equilibrium of “no insurance-weak supervision-extensive management and protection”. A single policy tool (simply improving accountability, only reducing regulatory costs or only increasing farmers’ income) is difficult to achieve collaborative governance. The ideal equilibrium of the system convergence to “insurance-depth participation-standard management and protection” must also meet the incentive compatibility conditions of “construction subject-insurance company-farmers”. The insurance participatory management and protection system is “repairable”. By simultaneously optimizing accountability constraints, reducing regulatory costs, and improving farmers’ incentives and organization, the system can be promoted from non-ideal state to collaborative governance equilibrium. Farmers’ behavior is a key terminal variable that determines the performance of the system, and improvement in their incentives directly affects the evolution rate and stability of the system. Based on these findings, to achieve long-term sustainable management and protection of high-standard farmland, it is recommended to promote insurance-based whole life cycle management and protection system, strengthen the insurance incentive of construction subjects, guide the deep participation of insurance companies, improve the incentive and restraint mechanism of farmers, and promote digital supervision and multi-agent coordination.
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