To scientifically assess the nutrient resources of straw and animal manure and guide the utilization of agricultural waste as fertilizer in various regions, data on crop yields and livestock and poultry breeding volumes from 2000 to 2023 in 31 provinces across China were utilized (Statistical data do not include Hong Kong, Macao, and Taiwan regions. The same below). The Monte Carlo method and Copula function were employed to systematically evaluate the carbon and nitrogen nutrient resources of straw and animal manure over the years. To meet the material requirements for animal manure fermentation, the required quantity and proportion of straw were estimated with the carbon-to-nitrogen ratio as the key parameter. The results showed that: 1) From 2000 to 2023, the carbon and nitrogen nutrient resources of straw in China showed a trend of initial decline, followed by a rise and subsequent fluctuations, reaching 3.19×108 and 7.49×106 t, respectively, in 2023. Henan, Shandong, Heilongjiang and Inner Mongolia were the hotspot areas. 2) The carbon and nitrogen nutrient resources of livestock manure showed a trend of initial increase, then decline, followed by fluctuations, reaching 6.07×107 and 3.92×106 t respectively in 2023. Henan, Hebei, Shandong, Xinjiang and Sichuan were the hotspot areas. 3) The demand for straw as fertilizer and the demand proportion in China showed a trend of initial increase, followed by decline and subsequent fluctuations, reaching 2.85×108 t and 37.01% in 2023. respectively. The median value of the demand proportion for straw as fertilizer in 17 provinces and municipalities including Xinjiang, Inner Mongolia and Shanxi was less than 50%, while in Beijing, Fujian, Hainan and Xizang it exceeded 100%. 4) For every 10% increase in the proportion of straw used as fertilizer, the increase in livestock and poultry breeding volumes in China was 2.15×109 heads (in terms of pig equivalent). In conclusion, this study suggests that Fujian, Hainan and Xizang should improve the straw collection, storage and transportation system and transport straw from resource-rich areas; promote the utilization of straw resources from characteristic crops to alleviate the imbalance between supply and demand of straw as fertilizer; Xinjiang, Inner Mongolia, Shanxi and other 17 provinces and municipalities could appropriately expand the scale of livestock breeding and provide straw to resource-poor areas.
需要注意的是,碳、氮养分是秸秆与畜禽粪便的基本构成元素,其质量分数存在较强关联。因此,本研究利用Copula函数[23-25]来建立其联合分布,可确保模拟出来秸秆与畜禽粪便碳氮质量分数符合作物实际情况,避免出现“碳取最大值而氮取最小值”或“碳取最小值而氮取最大值”等异常情况。具体来说,将联合分布分解为对应变量(碳和氮质量分数)各自的边缘分布与1个Copula函数,以独立地评估变量间的相关性结构[26]。本研究中根据贝叶斯信息量(Bayesian Information Criterion)最小准则[27]选择了拟合效果最优的Copula函数,其中小麦、玉米、棉花、奶牛、肉牛和蛋鸡的联合分布类型为Clayton(BIC值分别为-5.05、-8.87、5.00、-9.24、-86.78、-31.41和-106.36),水稻和油菜的联合分布类型为Gumbel(BIC值分别为-44.71和-44.61),羊和肉鸡的联合分布类型为Gaussian(BIC值分别为-1.64和178.32),生猪的联合分布类型为Frank(BIC值为-128.12),具体的拟合情况和函数关系式详见图1。所有计算均在北太天元数值计算通用软件V3.5.0上进行。
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