基于电池租赁和电池更换服务的新能源汽车换电供应链运营模式选择

Operational Mode Selection of Battery Swapping Supply Chains for New Energy Vehicles Based on Battery Leasing and Swapping Services

摘要

考虑到电池租赁服务和电池更换服务对换电供应链运营模式的影响，构建了包含电池制造商、车企和电池资产公司的供应链。提出3种运营模式：1) 车企同时提供电池租赁服务和电池更换服务；2) 车企提供电池更换服务，电池资产公司提供电池租赁服务；3) 电池资产公司统一承担两项服务。基于Stackelberg博弈模型，分析了不同模式下车体价格比例、梯次利用率以及电池租赁时间对供应链均衡决策的影响机制，并对均衡结果进行比较分析。研究表明：1) 为提升产品吸引力，车企在定价策略上宜采取“低车体价格、高电池价格”的方式；2) 当消费者电池租赁时间较长时，回收企业更倾向于将退役电池售予电池制造商用于再生拆解，而非自身梯次利用；3) 当车企自营电池租赁与电池更换服务时，企业与消费者的整体效益最优；由电池资产公司统一承担两项服务时，运营效果亦较佳。

Abstract

Motivated by the interplay between battery leasing and swapping services in the operational design of battery swapping supply chains, this study constructs a supply chain consisting of battery manufacturers, vehicle manufacturers, and battery asset companies. Three operational modes are examined: 1) vehicle manufacturers provide both battery leasing and swapping services; 2) vehicle manufacturers offer swapping only, while battery asset companies provide leasing; and 3) battery asset companies undertake both services. Based on a Stackelberg game model, the study analyzes the influence of the vehicle-to-battery price ratio, the second-life utilization rate, and the battery leasing duration on equilibrium decisions across different modes, and further compares the equilibrium outcomes. Results show that: 1) to boost product appeal, vehicle manufacturers should adopt a "low vehicle price, high battery price" strategy; 2) when lease periods are long, recycling enterprises prefer selling retired batteries to manufacturers for dismantling over second-life utilization; 3) the overall benefits to enterprises and consumers are maximized when vehicle manufacturers operate both services, followed by the case where battery asset companies undertake both services.

关键词

新能源汽车 / 换电模式 / 电池租赁服务 / 梯级利用 / 运营模式

Key words

new energy vehicles / battery swapping mode / battery leasing service / second-life utilization / operational mode

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基金资助

国家自然科学基金项目(71771003)

国家自然科学基金项目(71802004)

安徽省自然科学基金项目(1808085MG215)

安徽省自然科学基金项目(1908085MG228)