低氧环境对神经可塑性的影响及所致认知功能障碍的研究进展

Research Progress of the Effect of Hypoxia Environment on Neuroplasticity and Cognitive Dysfunction

摘要

认知功能包括学习、记忆、注意和反应能力等, 而低氧条件容易引起学习记忆能力的损伤。神经元是各种信号传递的重要依托, 神经突触是传递各种信号的关键部位, 神经可塑性(neuroplasticity)若发生障碍, 会影响神经元信息传递的完整性和准确性, 从而影响到认知功能。在各种低氧环境下, 低氧诱导因子-1 (hypoxia-inducible factor 1, HIF-1)、活性氧(reactive oxygen species, ROS)的产生和积累, 凋亡相关因子、tau蛋白及β淀粉样蛋白(amyloid β-protein, Aβ)的异常等, 均会对大脑皮质和海马等造成损伤, 从而影响神经可塑性, 继而引起学习记忆障碍。目前, 低氧致人学习记忆功能障碍的机制还不明确。本文主要就低氧致学习记忆功能障碍的发生机制及低氧对神经可塑性影响的研究进展予以综述, 以期梳理低氧致学习记忆功能障碍的可能影响因素, 并为相关机制的研究提供新的思路。

Abstract

Cognitive functions include learning, memory, attention, and reaction abilities. Learning and memory abilities are easily damaged under low oxygen conditions. Neurons are basic working units for trans-mission of various signals, and synapses are critical parts in signal transmission. If neuroplasticity is im-paired, the integrity and accuracy of neuronal information transmission will be affected, thereby affecting cognitive function. In various low oxygen environments, the production and accumulation of hypoxia-in-ducible factor 1 (HIF-1) and reactive oxygen species (ROS), and the abnormality of apoptosis-related fac-tors, tau proteins and amyloid β-protein (Aβ), can all cause damage to the cerebral cortex and hippocampus, affecting neural plasticity and leading to learning and memory impairments. Currently, the mechanism of low oxygen-induced learning and memory impairment is not yet clear. Herein, the research progress in the mechanism of hypoxia-induced learning and memory impairments and the impact of low oxygen on neural plasticity are reviewed, so as to reveal the possible influencing factors of hypoxia-induced learning and memory dysfunction and provide new ideas for related research.

关键词

低氧 / 学习记忆障碍 / 神经可塑性 / 机制

Key words

hypoxia / learning and memory impairment / neuroplasticity / mechanism