新冠病毒Omicron变异毒株的研究进展与展望

生命科学研究 ›› 2023, Vol. 27 ›› Issue (3) : 210 -216.

新冠肺炎专栏

蔡雨豪, 张婷婷, 程扬健

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Research Progress and Prospect of SARS-CoV-2 Omicron Subvariants

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摘要

引发新型冠状病毒感染(corona virus disease 2019, COVID-19)的严重急性呼吸综合征冠状病毒2 (severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2, SARS-CoV-2)已经在全世界大规模传播了3年, 并衍生出许多变异毒株。目前, 在全球造成大规模传播的Omicron变异毒株具有极高传染性和较低毒性的特点, 并已经演变出BA.4、BA.5、XBB等亚型, 其对疫苗引发的免疫具有逃逸性, 但疫苗加强针的施打可恢复一定程度的中和能力。针对Omicron变异毒株的新代疫苗和治疗药物正陆续问世, 为人类提供了新的抵御措施和治疗方法。本文对Omicron变异毒株的特征、人体的免疫机制、现今疫苗和药物的研发以及感染后遗症问题进行了总结和浅析, 并对未来应对SARS-CoV-2的方式提出了建议。

Abstract

Severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2), which causes corona virus disea-se 2019 (COVID-19), has been widely spread around the world for three years, and has spawned many va-riants. At present, the Omicron variant, which causes large-scale transmission in the world, has the charac-teristics of high infectivity and low toxicity, and has evolved into BA.4, BA.5, XBB and other subvariants. These strains can escape the vaccine-induced immunity, but neutralizing capacity elicited by vaccination can be restored to a certain degree by a booster dose. New vaccines and therapeutic drugs against the Omi-cron variant are available, providing better immunity and treatment methods for humans. This article sum-marized and analyzed the characteristics of Omicron strains, human immune mechanism against the infec-tion, current vaccine and drug development, and COVID-19 sequelae. It also made suggestions on how to cope with SARS-CoV-2 in the future.