东北黑土区有机肥替代化肥对土壤有机碳、氮组分及玉米产量的影响

Impact of Organic Fertilizer Replacing Chemical Fertilizer on Soil Organic Carbon,Nitrogen Components,and Maize Yield in the Black Soil Region of Northeast China

摘要

为探明东北黑土区有机肥替代化肥对土壤碳氮耦合关系及玉米生产力的作用规律,以2024—2025年的定位试验为基础,设置4个施肥处理:不施肥空白对照(CK)、常规单施化肥(T0)、25%有机肥等氮替代化肥(T25)、50%有机肥等氮替代化肥(T50),系统分析了不同施肥处理条件下土壤碳氮组分的动态变化特征,并进一步探讨这些变化对玉米产量构成要素的影响规律.试验结果表明,有机肥替代处理对土壤碳氮库的培育效应具有显著的非线性特征.其中25%有机肥替代处理表现出最优的碳氮协同效应,与常规单施化肥处理相比,其土壤总有机碳(SOC)、全氮(TN)含量分别显著提高25.56%、21.16%;易氧化有机碳(ROC)、微生物生物量碳(MBC)等活性碳氮组分较单施化肥处理显著提高32.39%~104.66%,碳库管理指数(CPMI)达到171.70的最高值.50%有机肥等氮替代处理虽能提高土壤碳氮比,但是由于速效化学氮肥施用量大幅降低,玉米苗期至拔节期土壤速效养分供给不足,因此直接抑制了作物营养生长前期氮素积累过程,最终限制了籽粒产量的形成潜力.玉米产量及养分利用效率的统计分析结果显示,25%有机肥替代处理通过匹配土壤供氮动态与玉米需肥规律,两年平均产量较单施化肥处理显著提高了7.07%,氮素利用效率最高达到36.22%,实现了籽粒产量与氮素利用效率的同步提升;相反,50%有机肥替代处理因生育前期供氮不足,玉米产量无显著提高,增幅仅为0.84%.综上,本研究明确25%有机肥等氮替代化肥的施肥模式有利于优化东北黑土区土壤活性碳氮组分的周转过程,可以缓解土壤微生态系统中碳氮比例,促使区域玉米稳产增效,故其是兼顾黑土培肥与作物高产高效的最优替代比例.

Abstract

To investigate the coupling relationship between soil carbon and nitrogen and the effect of replacing chemical fertilizers with organic fertilizers on maize productivity in the black soil region of Northeast China,a field location experiment was conducted from 2024 to 2025.Four fertilization treatments were set up:no fertilization blank control (CK),conventional single chemical fertilizer application (T0),25% organic fertilizer replacing chemical fertilizer with equal nitrogen (T25),and 50% organic fertilizer replacing chemical fertilizer with equal nitrogen (T50).The dynamic change characteristics of soil carbon and nitrogen components under different fertilization treatments were systematically analyzed,and the impact of these changes on maize yield components was further explored.The results showed that the cultivation effect of the organic fertilizer substitution treatments on soil carbon and nitrogen pools had significant nonlinear characteristics.Among them,the T25 treatment showed the optimal carbon and nitrogen synergistic effect.Compared with the T0 treatment,its soil total organic carbon (SOC) and total nitrogen (TN) contents were significantly increased by 25.56% and 21.16%,respectively; the active carbon and nitrogen components,such as easily oxidizable carbon (ROC) and microbial biomass carbon (MBC),were significantly increased by 32.39%~104.66%,and the carbon pool management index (CPMI) reached the highest value of 171.70.Although the T50 treatment could improve the soil carbon-nitrogen ratio,the substantial reduction in the application of available chemical nitrogen fertilizer led to an insufficient supply of soil available nutrients from the seedling stage to the jointing stage of maize.Therefore,it directly inhibited the nitrogen accumulation process in the early stage of crop vegetative growth,ultimately limiting the formation potential of grain yield.The statistical analysis results of maize yield and nutrient utilization efficiency showed that the T25 treatment matched the soil nitrogen supply dynamics with the maize fertilizer requirement law.The two-year average yield was significantly increased by 7.07% compared with the single chemical fertilizer treatment,and the nitrogen utilization efficiency reached a maximum of 36.22%,achieving a simultaneous improvement of grain yield and nitrogen utilization efficiency.On the contrary,the T50 treatment did not significantly increase maize yield due to insufficient nitrogen supply in the early growth stage,with an increase of only 0.84%.In summary,this study clarifies that the fertilization mode of substituting 25% of chemical fertilizers with organic fertilizers under equal nitrogen conditions is beneficial for optimizing the turnover process of soil active carbon and nitrogen components in the black soil region of Northeast China.It can alleviate the carbon and nitrogen ratio in the soil micro-ecosystem,promote stable and efficient maize production in the region,and thus is the optimal substitution ratio that balances black soil fertilization with high crop yield and efficiency.

关键词

有机肥替代 / 土壤有机碳 / 土壤有机氮 / 碳氮比 / 玉米产量

Key words

organic fertilizer substitution / soil organic carbon / soil organic nitrogen / carbon nitrogen ratio / maize yield

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基金资助

国家重点研发计划子课题(2023YFD1500202)