共晶成分铅铋合金电解精炼提纯铋

Electrolytic Refining and Purification of Bismuth from Eutectic Lead-Bismuth Alloy

摘要

针对共晶铅铋合金电解精炼过程中存在的铅铋分离效率低、阴极沉积层质量差以及工艺能效较差等关键问题,开展了明胶与β-萘酚单一及复合添加剂的电化学行为调控机理与工艺优化研究.通过循环伏安与线性扫描伏安测试,揭示了明胶(0.3 g/L)对Bi³⁺还原过程的抑制作用,以及β-萘酚(0.01 g/L)对该还原过程的动力学促进作用,并发现二者在复合添加时存在显著的协同效应.在协同配比(0.3 g/L明胶+0.01 g/Lβ-萘酚)下,该复合体系可有效调控电极/溶液界面双电层结构、改善传质过程并降低还原过电位.在此基础上,开展了不同添加剂体系下的电解实验.结果表明,在优化电解液基础组成条件下,采用0.3 g/L明胶+0.01 g/Lβ-萘酚复合添加剂,可使阴极沉积物中铅含量降至1.4×10^-5,电流效率达到99.41%,电耗为96.34 kW·h/tBi,实现了铋的高效、低能耗沉积.微观形貌分析进一步表明,该复合添加剂体系下所得沉积层晶粒显著细化、结构致密均匀、无明显缺陷.综合分析表明,适当比例的明胶与β-萘酚通过协同作用,可同时实现铅的高效抑制、铋的高选择性沉积以及沉积层质量的显著提升,为共晶铅铋合金电解精炼制备高纯铋提供了理论依据与技术参考.

Abstract

To address the key issues in the electrolytic refining process of eutectic lead-bismuth alloy,such as low separation efficiency for lead and bismuth,poor quality of cathode deposition layer,and poor process energy efficiency,the electrochemical behavior regulation mechanism and process optimization of single and composite additives of gelatin and β-naphthol were studied.Through cyclic voltammetry and linear sweep voltammetry tests,it was revealed that gelatin (0.3 g/L) had an inhibitory effect on the reduction process of Bi³⁺,while β-naphthol (0.01 g/L) promoted the kinetics of this reduction process.It was found that there was a significant synergistic effect when the two were added in combination.Under the synergistic ratio (0.3 g/L gelatin+0.01 g/L β-naphthol),the composite system could effectively regulate the double-layer structure at the electrode/solution interface,improve the mass transfer process,and reduce the reduction overpotential.Based on this,electrolytic experiments under different additive systems were carried out.The results showed that under the optimized base composition of the electrolyte,using the 0.3 g/L gelatin+0.01 g/L β-naphthol composite additive could reduce the lead content in the cathode deposit to 1.4×10^-5,achieve a current efficiency of 99.41%,and result in an energy consumption of 96.34 kW·h/t Bi,thereby realizing efficient and low-energy deposition of bismuth.Microscopic morphology analysis further indicated that the deposited layer obtained under this composite additive system maintained significantly refined grains,a dense and uniform structure,and no obvious defects.Comprehensive analysis showed that an appropriate proportion of gelatin and β-naphthol could simultaneously achieve the efficient inhibition of lead,high-selectivity deposition of bismuth,and a significant improvement in the quality of the deposited layer through their synergistic effect.This study provides a theoretical basis and technical reference for the preparation of high-purity bismuth by electrolytic refining of eutectic lead-bismuth alloy.

关键词

铅铋合金 / 添加剂 / 电解精炼 / 电化学测试 / 精铋

Key words

lead-bismuth alloy / additive / electrolytic refining / electrochemical testing / refined bismuth

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基金资助

云南省中央引导地方科技发展基金项目(202507AB040005)