Purposes To reveal the force and deformation characteristics of criss-cross tunnels with different sizes during the construction, a 3D numerical model is established. Methods The displacement and stress evolutions of the tunnel in different excavation stages were investisard, and the hardening characteristics of shotcrete initial support were took into account. According to analysis results, initial support optimization measures were proposed. Results The results show that the maximum displacements of the vault and bottom are both located 0.5 m from the geometric center of the intersection, and the maximum horizontal displacement appeares on the main tunnel sidewall 4.5 m away from the center. The increment of displacement in the surrounding rock is not significant during excavating the small cross-section front branch tunnel, but the increment becomes obvious when the excavations of the small cross-section left and right branch tunnels are conducted. The stress concentration in the surrounding rock and initial support is significant at the intersection of the main tunnel and branch tunnels. After the excavation of left and right branch tunnels, the plastic zone range and stress arch boundary around the intersection area expand sharply. Thickening the initial support effectively controls the deformation of the surrounding rock in intersection area. The effect of deformation control first increases with the expansion of the reinforcement range and tends to be stable. Taking above factors into consideration, the optimal reinforcement area is 0.71 times the span of tunnel at the intersection. The research results can provide guidance for constructions of similar tunnel engineering projects.
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