Purposes As an important error source in pseudo-range observation and carrier phase observation, multipath effect seriously affects the precision of single point positioning in complex environment. Multipath hemispherical map (MHM) is a of making use of the spatial repeatability of multipath signals to construct multipath models and suppress multipath effects. This model needs to model multipath errors around the receiver for real-time correction of multipath on subsequent observation days. The improvement of the MHM model lies in the accuracy of multipath correction by reducing the area of the grids. Howeven, the calculation cost is increased and the number of residuals in many grids is too small, resulting in the limited reliability of the residual mean results. To solve this problem, the Dynamic Multipath Hemispherical Map (D-MHM) with two modeling processes is proposed. Methods In the proposed D-MHM model, the residual threshold was set to ensure adequate residual quantities. According to high-precision results obtained from higher-resolution grid modeling, in the second modeling, a lower resolution grid was used to model the unmodeled region that does not meet the threshold value, so as to avoid the problem of the decrease of the multipath correction rate owing to the missing correction value of the corresponding grid. In this paper, the process of extracting multipath residuals from observations was explained. Then, the influences of grid resolution and other parameters on D-MHM modeling effect were explored. At last, its multipath correction effect was evaluated. Results The experimental results show that, compared with MHM, the D-MHM model can improve the performance of multipath correction rate by about 7.7%. The positioning accuracy of east, north, and up can be improved by 8.1%, 5.6%, and 6.7%, respectively. This method is also valuable in the fields of signal environment detection around the receiver and seismic wave monitoring.
全球导航卫星系统(Global Navigation Satellite System,GNSS)可为全球用户提供高精度、全天候、实时性的定位、导航及授时服务[1]。GNSS精密单点定位(Precise Point Positioning,PPP)[2,3]被认为是一项高效可靠的精密定位及测量技术,广泛应用于建筑形变监测、地理测绘、灾害预警[4,5]等领域。目前毫米级甚至更高精度要求的定位场景不断增加,为获得更加精准的定位结果需要对GNSS定位过程中的各种误差进行针对性处理,其中卫星钟差、电离层延时误差、对流层延时误差等可借助观测值的适当组合或利用适当的外部模型进行消除[6]。而接收机周边环境的不确定性导致多径误差无法利用外部模型进行准确地描述,需要用特殊的手段对其进行处理[7,8]。针对此问题的多径效应抑制技术研究有助于提升接收机定位精度,为GNSS提供更好的应用前景。
利用多径空间重复性进行多径抑制的方法具有实时性强、应用成本低的特点,它只要确定卫星信号的来源方位角和高度角,在观测值中减去前期记录的对应方位的多径残差值就可以对当前观测值进行多径实时校正。COHEN和PARKINSON在1991年首次提出多径球谐模型[9],对多径误差进行建模。FUHRMANN在2015年提出多径堆叠模型[10],使用等面积的网格分配多径残差并加入统计学检验过程以提高网格内残差均值结果的可靠性。DONG et al[11]在2016年把这类基于“查找表”思维得到的多径误差模型统称为多路径半天球图(Multipath Hemispherical Map,MHM)模型,并对MHM和恒星滤波(Sidereal Filtering,SF)方法[12]的多径抑制效果进行比较,得出SF在强高频多径环境中表现更好,而MHM更适合实时多径减少[11]。2016年CAI et al[13]的研究表明MHM方法不仅能用于静态场景,对于一些多径环境稳定的移动平台也同样适用。2019年ZHENG et al[14]研究了基于PPP技术的多径误差校正方法,根据高度角的不同对各区域的多径残差使用不等分辨率的网格进行划分,构建了一种M-MHM多径模型,对高仰角处多径抑制效果差的问题提出了解决方案。2019年WANG et al[15]利用趋势面分析方法对网格内部的残差分布做了更细致的分析和研究,提出T-MHM模型用于多径校正,2020年在保持该模型优势的基础上,又融入高级趋势面分析方法提出AT-MHM模型[16]。2021年ZOU在研究网格内部残差分布时使用顶点的残差计算网格内部残差,得到多点半球网格模型(MHGM),并在水坝变形监测的实际应用中验证了其多径校正效果[17]。2023年,REN et al[18]提出具有地理高程约束的MHM模型,减弱了非视距信号等对模型造成的影响。YUAN et al[19]引入载噪比参数辅助建模,增强了多径误差模型的抗干扰性。综合上述研究结果,基于多路径半天球图模型的多径误差校正首先将接收机上空区域划分成网格,利用多径信号的方位角和高度角作为索引寻找每个残差值对应的网格位置,然后分别计算每个网格内所有残差的算术平均值作为该区域的多径校正值。理论上,网格划分的面积越小,多径误差建模的精度越高,但是无限制地缩小网格划分间隔会极大地增加计算量,其多径抑制效果也得不到过多提升。
SUNB, WANGX Z, CHENF,et al.Optimize GNSS-R tide level inversionvia Savitzky-Golay smoothing filering[J].Joural of Nanjing University of information Science & Technology,2024,16(2):270-278.
[3]
杨元喜.北斗卫星导航系统的进展、贡献与挑战[J].测绘学报,2010,1(1):1-6.
[4]
YNAGY X.Progress,contributions and challenges of the BeiDou Satelite Narigation System[J].Acta Geodaetica et Cartographica Sinica,2010,1(1):1-6.
[5]
ZUMBERGEJ F, HEFLINM B, JEFFERSOND C,et al.Precise point positioning for the efficient and robust analysis of GPS data from large networks[J].Journal of Geophysical Research Solid Earth,1997,102(B3):5005-5017.
[6]
PSIMOULISP A, HOULIÉN, BEHRY.Real-time magnitude characterization of large earthquakes using the predominant period derived from 1Hz GPS data[J].Geophysical Research Letters,2018,45(2):517-526.
[7]
ZHENGK, ZHANGX, LIX,et al.Capturing coseismic displacement in real time with mixed single- and dual-frequency receivers:application to the 2018 Mw7.9 Alaska earthquake[J].GPS Solutions,2019,23(1):9.
ZHOUX W, DAIW J, ZHUJ J,et al.Hvfmethao and ITS application in the study on GPS multipath effects[J].Journal of Geodesy and Geodynamics,2007,27(1):107-111.
[12]
COHENC E, PARKINSONB W.Mitigating multipath error in GPS based attitude determination[J].Guidance and Control,1991:53-68.
DONGD, WANGM, CHENW,et al.Mitigation of multipath effect in GNSS short baseline positioning by the multipath hemispherical map[J].Journal of Geodesy,2016,90(3):255-262.
[15]
GENRICHJ F, BOCKY.Rapid resolution of crustal motion at short ranges with the global positioning system[J].Journal of Geophysical Research:Solid Earth,1992,97(B3):3261-3269.
[16]
CAIM M, WENC, DONGD,et al.Reduction of kinematic short baseline multipath effects based on multipath hemispherical map[J].Sensors,2016,16:1677.
[17]
ZHENGK, XIAOH, PANL,et al.Multipath extraction and mitigation for high-rate multi-GNSS precise point positioning[J].Journal of Geodesy,2019,93(10):2037-2051.
[18]
WANGZ R, WENC, DONGD,et al.Multipath mitigation based on trend surface analysis applied to dual-antenna receiver with common clock[J].GPS Solutions,2019,23(4):104.
[19]
WANGZ, CHENW, DONGD,et al.An advanced multipath mitigation method based on trend surface analysis[J].Remote Sensing,2020,12(21):3601.
[20]
ZOUX, LIZ, LIY,et al.A novel method to mitigate the multipath error for BDS-2 dam deformation monitoring[J].Remote Sensing,2021,13(9):1787.
[21]
RENH X, LIG C, GENGJ H,et al.Multipath hemispherical map model with geographic cut-of elevation constraints for real-time GNSS monitoring in complex environments[J].GPS Solutions,2023,27(4):188.
[22]
YUANH J, ZHANGZ T, HEX F,et al.Multipath mitigation in GNSS precise point positioning using multipath hierarchy for changing environments[J].GPS Solutions,2023,27(4):193.