Purposes A profound understanding of adsorption and desorption characteristics of antibiotics in soil environment is essential for elucidating their environmental behavior, migration patterns, fate, and risk assessment. Methods In this study, a batch adsorption experimental method was employed to systematically investigate the adsorption and desorption characteristics of three fluoroquinolone antibiotics (FQCAs: ciprofloxacin (CIP), ofloxacin (OFL), and levofloxacin (LEV) on red clay soil from the Loess Plateau. The adsorption mechanisms of FQCAs on red clay soil were deeply explored tby isotherm models, kinetic models, thermodynamic analysis, and Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy analysis. Results The results indicate that the adsorption of red clay soil to FQCAs is significantly pH-dependent, closely related to the surface charge characteristics of red clay soil and the existing forms of FQCAs. The theoretical maximum adsorption capacities of red clay soil for CIP, OFL, and LEV at 298 K are 35.99, 35.34, and 36.15 mg/g, respectively. The Sips model better fits the isothermal data, revealing that the adsorption process is a complex mixed mode influenced by temperature, rather than a simple monolayer physical adsorption. The adsorption kinetics analysis of FQCAs on red clay soil shows that adsorption equilibrium can be achieved within 2 h, and the adsorption process is divided into two stages: the initial stage is mainly controlled by external mass transfer, followed by the stage dominated by internal diffusion of particles. Desorption experimental results further confirm that even after desorption, more than 80% of FQCAs remain in soil, reflecting the strong adsorption affinity of red clay soil for FQCAs. The findings of this study offer innovative strategies and ideas for soil remediation in the area of the Loess Plateau and the development of red clay soil-based adsorbents.
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