Purposes In view of the lack of a unified evaluation system for comprehensively assessing the solidification performance of the novel curing agent (red mud + carbide slag + phosphogypsum) on soils contaminated with different heavy metals, in this study, an evaluation model is established and the weight of each evaluation index is clarified. Methods In this study, a “red mud + calcium-based + phosphorus-based” stabilizer was used to examine the performance of soils contaminated with high concentrations of various heavy metals, and the Analytic Hierarchy Process (AHP) was employed to identify the primary factors influencing stabilization effectiveness. An evaluation model was developed to assess the stabilization performance of the contaminated soils, and the weights of the evaluation indices were determined. The study’s conclusions were validated through microscopic analyses and speciation analyses of heavy metals, confirming the high reliability of the results. Results The study results indicate that the factors influencing the evaluation of heavy metal soil stabilizers effectiveness are as follows: compressive strength = permeability coefficient>pH value>environmental hazard>stabilization efficiency, with corresponding weight coefficients of 0.320, 0.320, 0.164, 0.160, and 0.036, respectively.
GuY C, LiJ L, PengJ K,et al.Immobilization of hazardous ferronickel slag treated using ternary limestone calcined clay cement[J].Construction and Building Materials,2020,250:118837.
[2]
LiY C, MinX B, KeY,et al.Immobilization potential and immobilization mechanism of arsenic in cemented paste backfill[J].Minerals Engineering,2019,138:101-107.
[3]
KamalN L M, BedduS, SyamsirA,et al.Immobilization of heavy metals for building materials in the construction industry – an overview[J].Materials Today Proceedings,2019,17:787-791.
[4]
DuY J, JiangN J, LiuS Y,et al.Engineering properties and microstructural characteristics of cement-stabilized zinc-contaminated kaolin[J].Canadian Geotechnical Journal,2014,151(3):289-302.
LiangL S, ZhangJ Y, FangP Y,et al.Study on properties of copper-contaminated soil solidified by solid waste system combined with cement[J].Sustainability,2022,14(9):5604.
[7]
HaoX S, LiuX M, ZhangZ Q,et al.In-depth insight into the cementitious synergistic effect of steel slag and red mud on the properties of composite cementitious materials[J].Journal of Building Engineering,2022,52(Svppl C):104449.
[8]
SuoC X, FangP Y, CaoH Y,et al.Influence and microscopic mechanism of the solid waste-mixture on solidification of Cu2+-contaminated soil[J].Construction and Building Materials,2021,305(Svppl C):124651.
ZhangJ Y, YangF, YaoX,et al.The synergistic action mechanisms of ternary industrial waste stabilized lead ion contaminated soil[J].Construction and Building Materials,2023,409(Svppl C):133827.
[12]
SaatyT L.Decision making — the analytic hierarchy and network processes (AHP/ANP)[J].Journal of Systems Science and Systems Engineering,2004,13(1):1-35.
[13]
HolderR D.Some comments on the analytic hierarchy process[J].Journal of the Operational Research Society,1990,41(11):1073-1076.
CuisinierO, LeB T, DeneeleD,et al.Quantification of the effects of nitrates,phosphates and chlorides on soil stabilization with lime and cement[J].Engineering Geology,2011,117(3/4):229-235.
[16]
YangZ P, LiX Y, WangY,et al.Trace element contamination in urban topsoil in China during 2000-2009 and 2010-2019:Pollution assessment and spatiotemporal analysis[J].Science of the Total Environment,2021,758:143647.
[17]
CuiX Z, YanS R, ZhangX N,et al.Research on the coupled dynamic response of vibratory roller-unsaturated subgrade under different compaction and moisture content states[J].Transportation Geotechnics,2024,46:101252.
[18]
ZhouQ, LachowskiE E, GlasserF P.Metaettringite,a decomposition product of ettringite[J].Cement and Concrete Research,2004,34(4):703-710.
[19]
GujreN, MitraS, SoniA,et al.Speciation,contamination,ecological and human health risks assessment of heavy metals in soils dumped with municipal solid wastes[J].Chemosphere,2021,262:128013.
[20]
YangZ P, ChangJ Z, LiX Y,et al.The effects of the long-term freeze-thaw cycles on the forms of heavy metals in solidified/stabilized lead⁃zinc⁃cadmium composite heavy metals contaminated soil[J].Applied Sciences,2022,12:2934.