1.College of Civil Engineering,Taiyuan University of Technology,Taiyuan,Shanxi,China
2.State Key Laboratory of Cryospheric Science and Frozen Soil Engineering,Northwest Institute of Eco-Environment and Resources,Chinese Academy of Sciences,Lanzhou,Gansu,China
3.Shanxi Key Laboratory of Civil Engineering Disaster Prevention and Control,Taiyuan,Shanxi,China
4.School of Applied Science,Taiyuan University of Science and Technology,Taiyuan,Shanxi,China
5.The 1st Engineering Co. ,Ltd of China Railway Urban Construction Group,Taiyuan,Shanxi,China
6.Taiyuan Coal Mining Design and Research Institute Group Co. ,Ltd,Taiyuan,Shanxi,China
Purposes Biochar and its modified materials have shown certain application potential in the remediation of heavy metal-contaminated soils. However, the electrochemical response characteristics during the remediation of lead-contaminated soil by using red mud-modified biochar (RMBC) require further clarification. Methods Electrochemical impedance spectroscopy (EIS) was used to measure the impedance of soil specimens with different RMBC dosages and curing ages. The evolution of impedance spectra was analyzed by using equivalent circuit model, low-field nuclear magnetic resonance, and machine learning. Results The results show that RMBC increases the radius of the capacitive arc in the Nyquist plots, which first increases and then tends to stabilize with increasing RMBC dosage. With prolonged curing age, the diffusion feature in the low-frequency region gradually weakens, and the charge-transfer process becomes dominant. The equivalent circuit parameters indicate that RMBC affects the conductivity of the pore solution, interfacial charge transfer, and diffusion impedance. Low-field nuclear magnetic resonance results show that RMBC reduces the proportion of micropores and increases the proportions of small and mesopores. A data-driven model is developed by dividing the training and testing sets at the level of complete Nyquist curves. The model captures the overall trend of impedance spectra, although deviations remain in the high-impedance and low-frequency region. Conclusions These results indicate that EIS can characterize the impedance response of RMBC-remediated lead-contaminated soil, and machine learning can serve as an auxiliary tool for rapid estimation of Nyquist curves.
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