To investigate the cross-sectional configuration and design method of an innovative modular hybrid FRP-timber (MHFT) thin-walled column for prefabricated buildings, the axial compressive mechanical properties of MHFT thin-walled medium-long columns with different design parameters were studied. A finite element model of MHFT thin-walled medium-long columns was established to analyze the stress mechanism throughout the entire axial compression process. The effects of key parameters, including the number and fiber orientation of FRP layers, the sectional form of corner modules, and the slenderness ratio, on the axial compression performance were studied. The results show that during loading, the plate and corner modules bear the main load, while FRP exerts an effective lateral confinement effect on the composite columns. With the increase in the number of FRP layers from 1 to 2, the bearing capacity increases by 9.5%, representing the maximum improvement amplitude. The components with fibers laid along ±45° exhibit more significant deformation prior to peak load. Slotting of the corner modules fails to improve the bearing capacity and stiffness of the components. An increase in slenderness ratio leads to an insignificant change in bearing capacity, yet a relatively large slenderness ratio is prone to induce local buckling and thus restricts the development of plasticity. Under axial compression, MHFT composite columns can fully utilize the longitudinal bearing capacity of timber and the lateral confinement effect of FRP, achieving an efficient synergistic bearing performance. The axial compression performance of the components is optimized when the number of FRP layers is 1-2, the fiber orientation is 0°/90°, the slenderness ratio is less than 18.20, and un-slotted corner modules are adopted.
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