To reduce the adverse impact of sparse geological exploration data on the precision of stratigraphic models, this study proposes an implicit three-dimensional (3D) stratigraphic modeling method integrating ensemble learning and multi-fidelity geological survey data. A genetic algorithm (GA) is utilized to construct an optimized Stacking-based ensemble learning framework, which learns stratigraphic distribution patterns from raw geological exploration data and generates stratigraphic classification datasets corresponding to virtual boreholes. A radial basis function with a multiquadric kernel is adopted for implicit stratigraphic modeling. On this basis, information entropy is introduced to quantify the modeling uncertainty and further optimize the borehole layout scheme. A case study is conducted using geological survey data from an urban rail transit project. The results indicate that the GA-Stacking model achieves an F1-score of 90% and an accuracy of 89% on the test dataset. Compared with standalone machine learning models, the proposed method exhibits superior performance in stratigraphic classification and prediction. The mean absolute error between the modeled stratigraphic distribution and benchmark stratigraphic profiles is 0.23 m, with an average profile consistency of 85%, demonstrating the reliability of the developed model. Moreover, the overall stratigraphic uncertainty is reduced by 24.1% after supplementing five additional boreholes, which validates the effectiveness of the proposed optimization strategy. This research provides a novel insight into refined 3D stratigraphic modeling and offers theoretical guidance for borehole layout optimization in geological exploration.
ChenKaiming, ChenYuanfang, WUYadong, et al. Three-dimensional evaluation of safe exploitation and utilization of underground space: a case study of Zhuhai city[J/OL]. Chinese Journal of Underground Space and Engineering, 2025-10-15.
ZhongMaohua. Develop safety science for underground space, construct safety barrier for major engineering project[J]. Journal of Tsinghua University (Science and Technology), 2025, 65(3): 413.
[5]
De RienzoF, OresteP, PelizzaS. Subsurface geological-geotechnical modelling to sustain underground civil planning[J]. Engineering Geology, 2008, 96(3/4): 187-204.
[6]
CaumonG, GrayG, AntoineC, et al. Three-dimensional implicit stratigraphic model building from remote sensing data on tetrahedral meshes: theory and application to a regional model of La popa basin, NE Mexico[J]. IEEE Transactions on Geoscience and Remote Sensing, 2013, 51(3): 1613-1621.
[7]
BelbèzeS, RohmerJ, GuyonnetD, et al. Improving spatial interpolation for anomaly analysis in presence of sparse, clustered or imprecise data sets[J]. Journal of Geochemical Exploration, 2025, 279: 107868.
HangZhenquan, XueTao, ShiYujin, et al. Methods for improving 3D geological modeling efficiency and enhancing property interpolation accuracy of urban underground space: A case study of Shanghai[J]. Journal of Engineering Geology, 2024, 32(3): 1-12.
[10]
ZhouX Q, ShiP X. Multi-scale generative adversarial network for 2D subsurface reconstruction using multi-fidelity geological exploration data[J]. Advanced Engineering Informatics, 2025, 66: 103482.
[11]
KumarJ K, KonnoM, YasudaN. Subsurface soil-geology interpolation using fuzzy neural network[J]. Journal of Geotechnical and Geoenvironmental Engineering, 2000, 126(7): 632-639.
[12]
ShiC, WangY. Development of subsurface geological cross-section from limited site-specific boreholes and prior geological knowledge using iterative convolution XGBoost[J]. Journal of Geotechnical and Geoenvironmental Engineering, 2021, 147(9): 04021082.
[13]
AbediM, NorouziG H, BahroudiA. Support vector machine for multi-classification of mineral prospectivity areas[J]. Computers & Geosciences, 2012, 46: 272-283.
GuoJiateng, LiuYinhe, HanYingfu, et al. Implicit 3D geological modeling method for borehole data based on machine learning[J]. Journal of Northeastern University (Natural Science), 2019, 40(9): 1337-1342.
WangHao, YanJiayong, QiGuang, et al. Metallogenic prediction method based on gravity and magnetic three-dimensional modeling and machine learning: a case study of Zhuxi[J]. Progress in Geophysics, 2023, 38(2): 734-747.
WangMufan, LuoZhouquan, YuQi. Stability prediction of goaf based on stacking model[J]. Gold Science and Technology, 2020, 28(6): 894-901.
[22]
JiaR, LvY K, WangG W, et al. A stacking methodology of machine learning for 3D geological modeling with geological-geophysical datasets, Laochang Sn camp, Gejiu (China)[J]. Computers & Geosciences, 2021, 151: 104754.
DengYihui, ZouYanhong, LiYanshen. A three-dimensional implicit formation modeling method for drilling data with a mixed artificial bee colony stacking machine learning strategy[J]. Journal of Chengdu University of Technology (Science & Technology Edition), 2025, 52(5): 1020-1034.
WangLifang, LiuXiaoli, XuKun, et al. Bayesian-MCMC(Markov chain Monte Carlo)based three-dimensional geological model optimization by data and knowledge fusion[J]. Earth Science, 2024, 49(8): 3056-3070.
DaiYuechen, WangYing, ShuXuedao, et al. Process optimization of roll cutting forming for arc-end blanks based on GA-BP[J]. Journal of Plasticity Engineering, 2026, 33(2): 157-165.