3~6岁儿童粗大动作发展水平与身体姿态的关联

Association between gross motor development and body posture in children aged 3 - 6 years

摘要

目的 探究儿童粗大动作发展水平与身体姿态之间的关系,为儿童动作教育和不良身体姿态矫正提供参考。 方法 采用横断面研究设计,于2023年5—12月通过分层随机整群抽样,从我国东部、中部、西部选取1 247名3~6岁儿童,利用TGMD-3、SIGAM-1脊柱侧弯三维扫描仪分别对幼儿进行粗大动作和静态身体姿态测试。运用相关性分析、χ²检验、独立样本t检验、单因素方差分析和多元线性回归进行统计分析。 结果 3~6岁儿童粗大动作得分为(45.61±15.42)分,其中移动类动作得分为(25.90±8.29)分,控制类动作得分为(21.71±8.81)分;身体姿态得分为(18.60±1.15)分。958名儿童检出1种及以上不良姿态,检出率为76.8%,粗大动作得分与身体姿态得分呈正相关(r=0.225,P<0.001),且不良身体姿态数量越多,粗大动作得分越低(F=16.611,P<0.001)。男生和女生不良身体姿态检出率分别为73.9%、80.1%,女生检出率明显高于男生(χ²=6.714,P=0.010)。骨盆前倾与移动类动作得分存在关联(t=11.545,P<0.001)。是否存在高低肩(t=4.934)、脊柱侧弯(t=3.506)、X型腿(t=2.953)和O型腿(t=2.524)的儿童,其操控类动作得分差异有统计学意义(P<0.05)。多元回归显示骨盆前倾(β=-0.214)、高低肩(β=-0.106)、脊柱侧弯(β=-0.058)、X型腿(β=-0.061)、O型腿(β=-0.069)及不良姿态数量(β=-0.202)是粗大动作得分的负向预测因子(P<0.01)。 结论 3~6岁儿童不良身体姿态检出率较高,粗大动作发展水平与不良身体姿态密切相关,应提高对3~6岁儿童身体姿态的关注,加强身体姿态的健康教育。

Abstract

Objective To examine the association between gross motor development and body posture in children aged 3 - 6 years, in order to provide evidence for motor education and the correction of postural abnormalities. Methods A cross-sectional design was conducted from May to December 2023. Using a stratified cluster random sampling method, 1 247 children aged 3 - 6 years were recruited from eastern, central, and western China. Gross motor development was assessed using the Test of Gross Motor Development-3 (TGMD-3), and static body posture was assessed using SIGAM-1 three-dimensional scoliosis scanner. Pearson correlation analysis, chi-square test, independent-samples t test, one-way ANOVA, and multivariate linear regression were used for statistical analysis. Results The mean gross motor score was 45.61±15.42, including 25.90±8.29 for locomotor skills and 21.71±8.81 for object-control skills. The average score of body posture was 18.60±1.15, and a total of 958 children were identified as having at least one postural abnormality, with a detection rate of 76.8%. Gross motor scores were positively correlated with body posture scores (r=0.225, P<0.001), further analysis revealed that a greater number of postural abnormalities was associated with lower gross motor scores (F=16.611, P<0.001). The detection rate of poor body posture in girls (80.1%) was significantly higher than that in boys (73.9%) (χ²=6.714, P=0.010). Anterior pelvic tilt was associated with locomotor skill scores (t=11.545, P<0.001). Shoulder asymmetry (t=4.934), scoliosis (t=3.506), valgus knees (X-legs) (t=2.953), and varus knees (O-legs) (t=2.524) were associated with object-control skill scores (P<0.05). Multivariate regression analysis indicated that anterior pelvic tilt (β=-0.214), shoulder asymmetry (β=-0.106), scoliosis (β=-0.058), valgus knees (β=-0.061), varus knees (β=-0.069), and the number of poor postures (β=-0.202) were negative predictors of gross motor scores(P<0.01). Conclusions The prevalence of postural abnormalities among preschool children in China is high, and such abnormalities are clearly associated with poorer gross motor development. Greater attention to children's body posture and strengthened posture-related health education are warranted.

关键词

粗大动作 / 身体姿态 / 3~6岁儿童

Key words

gross motor skills / body posture / children aged 3 - 6 years

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基金资助

全国教育科学规划项目(CLA230300);安徽省哲学社会科学规划课题青年项目(AHSKYQ2023D036)