看护人类型和性别差异对4～5岁儿童基本运动技能的影响

Effects of caregiver type and gender differences on the fundamental movement skills among children aged 4 - 5 years

摘要

目的 探讨看护人类型(父母看护、祖辈看护)与性别差异对4～5岁学龄前儿童基本运动技能的影响,为该年龄段幼儿基本运动技能培养提供依据。方法 采用整群抽样方法,于2021年9—11月选取金华市6所幼儿园732名4～5岁学龄前儿童,使用粗大肌肉动作发展测试第3版(TGMD-3)对儿童进行基本运动技能测试,包括移动类技能和物体控制类技能两个维度。采用双因素协方差分析比较看护人类型与性别在儿童基本运动技能发展中的主效应及交互作用。结果 在控制父母亲受教育程度后,看护人类型与性别在儿童的基本运动技能总得分(F=7.640)、身体移动类得分(F=4.687)及物体控制类技能得分(F=8.242)上均存在交互作用(P<0.05)。性别对物体控制类技能的主效应有统计学意义(F=4.532, P=0.032),对移动类技能及基本运动技能总分的主效应均无统计学意义(P＞0.05)。分项分析显示,性别对前跨跳(F=4.028)、下手投球(F=12.736)、双手击固定球(F=9.965)及踢固定球(F=9.575)得分的主效应有统计学意义(P<0.05);看护人类型对下手投球(F=4.721)和踢固定球(F=3.966)得分的主效应有统计学意义(P<0.05)。看护人类型与性别对接球(F=4.673)、单手拍球(F=9.170)及单手击自落地弹起球(F=6.606)得分的交互作用有统计学意义(P<0.05)。结论 家庭看护模式与性别在幼儿早期动作发展中有交互协同作用。针对不同教养背景的幼儿需实施差异化干预,建议依托“家-园-社”协同机制,重点规避祖辈看护对男童大肌肉动作的潜在抑制,促进学龄前儿童运动技能全面均衡发展。

Abstract

Objective To explore the effects of caregiver type (parental vs. grandparental caregiving) and gender differences on the fundamental movement skills (FMS) of preschool children aged 4–5 years, so as to provide a basis for FMS cultivation in this age group. Methods From September and November 2021, a cluster sampling method was used to select 732 preschool children aged 4 - 5 years from six kindergartens in Jinhua City. The Test of Gross Motor Development-3rd Edition (TGMD-3) was used to assess children′s FMS across two dimensions: locomotor skills and object control skills. A two-way ANCOVA was performed to examine the main and interaction effects of caregiver type and gender on children′s FMS development. Results After controlling for paternal and maternal educational levels, significant interaction effects between caregiver type and gender were found for the total FMS score (F=7.640), locomotor skills score (F=4.687), and object control skills score (F=8.242) (P<0.05). The main effect of gender was statistically significant for object control skills (F=4.532, P=0.032), but not for locomotor skills or the total FMS score (both P>0.05). Item-level analyses showed significant main effects of gender on skipping (F=4.028), underhand throwing (F=12.736), two-handed striking of a stationary ball (F=9.965), and kicking a stationary ball (F=9.575) (P<0.05), and significant main effects of caregiver type on underhand throwing (F=4.721) and kicking a stationary ball (F=3.966) (P<0.05). Significant interaction effects between caregiver type and gender were also found for catching (F=4.673), one-hand dribbling of a stationary ball (F=9.170), and one-hand striking of a self-bounced ball (F=6.606) (P<0.05). Conclusions Caregiver type and gender interact synergistically to shape early motor development in young children. Differentiated interventions should be implemented for children from different caregiving backgrounds. A "family-kindergarten-community" collaborative mechanism is recommended, with particular attention to mitigating the potential inhibitory effect of grandparental caregiving on boys′ gross motor development, so as to promote comprehensive and balanced FMS development among preschool children.

关键词

学龄前儿童 / 看护人 / 性别 / 基本运动技能

Key words

preschool children / caregivers / gender / fundamental movement skills

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基金资助

浙江省“尖兵领雁+X”科技计划(2025C02043)