新时代背景下儿童环境暴露的特点及应对策略

Characteristics and coping strategies of childhood environmental exposure in the new era

摘要

儿童处于生长发育的关键期,身心发育未成熟,从生理和行为层面来说,儿童对不良环境暴露极为易感。在快速城市化、新型工业化与数字化网络化深度交织的新时代背景下,儿童在“物理-化学-社会” 环境暴露中呈现出广泛低水平暴露和点源性高水平暴露的特点,新环境污染物层出不穷。主要的暴露因素包括夜间光污染、噪声等物理性因素;重金属、多环芳烃、多氯联苯等传统化学污染物及全氟化合物、微塑料等新污染物;以及妊娠期压力、育儿压力、电子媒介高暴露等社会性因素。我国的儿童环境健康应对体系还有待完善。新时代背景下,未来需推动多学科交叉融合,促进全面(政府监管、家校医协同应对等)、精准(精准评估暴露风险、暴露源和暴露水平)、动态的应对策略,并进一步通过高质量研究阐明新污染物与复合暴露的健康效应及机制,为循证决策提供证据支撑。

Abstract

Children are in a critical period of growth and development, and their physical and mental functions remain immature. From both physiological and behavioral perspectives, children are highly susceptible to adverse environmental exposures. In the new era shaped by rapid urbanization, new industrialization, and the deep integration of digitalization and networking, children experience multidimensional physical-chemical-social exposures characterized by widespread low-level exposure alongside localized high-level point-source exposure, with emerging environmental contaminants continuously increasing. Major exposure factors include physical stressors such as artificial light at night and noise; chemical pollutants including traditionalchemical contaminants (e.g., heavy metals, polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons, and polychlorinated biphenyls) as well as emerging contaminants (e.g., perfluorinated compounds and microplastics); and socialstressors such as prenatal maternal stress, parenting stress, and pervasive digital media exposure. Children's child environmental health response system in China remains to be strengthened. Looking ahead, interdisciplinary collaboration should be promoted to develop comprehensive (e.g., governmental regulation and coordinated actions across families, schools, and healthcare services), precise (accurate assessment of exposure risk, sources, and levels), and dynamic response strategies. High-quality research is also needed to further elucidate the health effects and underlying mechanisms of emerging contaminants and combined exposures, thereby providing evidence to support evidence-based decision-making.

关键词

环境暴露 / 健康 / 新时代 / 应对策略 / 儿童

Key words

environmental exposure / health / new era / response strategies / children

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基金资助

国家自然基金(82473657); 2025上海市东方英才计划拔尖项目(2025067)