微生物-肠-脑轴在儿童注意缺陷多动障碍中的作用机制及治疗研究进展

袁英伦 ,  兰咏梅 ,  郭林梅

中国当代儿科杂志 ›› 2025, Vol. 27 ›› Issue (11) : 1426 -1432.

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中国当代儿科杂志 ›› 2025, Vol. 27 ›› Issue (11) : 1426 -1432. DOI: 10.7499/j.issn.1008-8830.2503118
综述

微生物-肠-脑轴在儿童注意缺陷多动障碍中的作用机制及治疗研究进展

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The microbiota-gut-brain axis in childhood attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder: mechanisms and therapeutic advances

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摘要

注意缺陷多动障碍(attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder, ADHD)是儿童常见的神经发育障碍性疾病。近年来,越来越多的研究表明ADHD与肠道菌群紊乱有关,微生物-肠-脑轴成为儿童ADHD研究的新焦点。该综述系统阐述了肠道菌群失调与儿童ADHD的关联,综合分析微生物-肠-脑轴通过多种途径调控肠脑双向通讯的关键机制,重点探讨通过靶向肠道菌群改善ADHD症状的最新研究成果和治疗前景,旨在探索ADHD早期干预和治疗的新路径。

Abstract

Attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) is a common neurodevelopmental disorder in children. Growing evidence links ADHD to gut microbiota dysbiosis, positioning the microbiota-gut-brain axis as a new focus of childhood ADHD research. This review systematically elucidates the association between gut dysbiosis and childhood ADHD and analyzes key mechanisms by which the microbiota-gut-brain axis regulates bidirectional gut-brain communication through multiple pathways. It highlights recent findings on microbiota-targeted strategies to improve ADHD symptoms and discusses therapeutic prospects, with the aim of exploring new avenues for early intervention and treatment in children with ADHD.

关键词

注意缺陷多动障碍 / 微生物-肠-脑轴 / 肠道菌群 / 靶向菌群疗法 / 儿童

Key words

Attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder / Microbiota-gut-brain axis / Gut microbiota / Microbiota-targeted therapy / Child

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袁英伦,兰咏梅,郭林梅. 微生物-肠-脑轴在儿童注意缺陷多动障碍中的作用机制及治疗研究进展[J]. 中国当代儿科杂志, 2025, 27(11): 1426-1432 DOI:10.7499/j.issn.1008-8830.2503118

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注意缺陷多动障碍(attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder, ADHD)是儿童和青少年阶段最常见的神经系统发育障碍疾病之一。ADHD的全球儿童患病率为5.41%,发病年龄高峰为5~9岁,且男孩的患病率是女孩的2~3倍1;在我国,儿童和青少年ADHD的患病率高达6.4%2。ADHD的核心症状主要表现为与发育水平不相称的注意力不集中、多动和冲动行为,还可能伴随易怒、焦虑等情绪症状和破坏性行为问题。这些症状会随年龄变化,且常持续至青春期甚至成年期。此外,ADHD会对健康、学业、社交和职业等多个功能领域造成影响3。Salari等4研究发现,约77.9%的ADHD患者合并其他精神行为障碍(如孤独症谱系障碍、抑郁症),且非自然死亡风险显著增加,这凸显了加强ADHD早期筛查与干预的紧迫性。
目前,ADHD的主要治疗手段包括中枢兴奋剂、非兴奋剂及非药物干预(如行为疗法、认知训练等)。但研究发现,药物治疗不仅会出现食欲抑制、失眠等不良反应,长期使用还可能影响身高、体重和心血管功能5。此外,儿童和青少年ADHD患者的药物依从性和持久性普遍较低6。行为疗法虽可辅助改善亲子关系,但其缓解核心症状的效果较弱,认知训练也缺乏特异性7。因此,现有的药物治疗在长期效果和依从性方面存在问题,非药物干预的疗效被高估,目前迫切需要更好的长期治疗方法5
微生物-肠-脑轴(microbiota-gut-brain axis, MGBA)是近年来微生物学领域的重要发现。MGBA通过神经递质、免疫调节和代谢等途径实现肠道菌群与中枢神经系统(central nervous system, CNS)的双向作用,进而调控宿主的神经发育、情绪调节及认知功能,为神经系统疾病的诊疗与预防提供了新方向8。基于MGBA机制的靶向肠道菌群的干预策略,也为改善ADHD患者(尤其是药物难治性及低龄患儿)的症状提供了安全且创新的治疗方案。本文系统综述肠道菌群与儿童ADHD的关联性,探讨MGBA的作用机制,并总结靶向肠道菌群疗法的最新研究进展,旨在为ADHD的早期诊断和创新疗法提供理论依据。

1 ADHD中的肠道菌群失调与代谢产物紊乱

1.1 ADHD儿童肠道菌群组成特征

由于ADHD患儿疾病的复杂性,以及种族、方法学等方面的差异,其肠道菌群研究呈现高度异质性,ADHD患儿与健康对照组的肠道菌群多样性分析结果不一致,多项研究均发现两者的肠道微生物组成存在显著差异8。ADHD患儿中,有助于维持正常胃肠道功能的菌属(如副拟杆菌属、普雷沃氏菌属、粪杆菌属、戴阿利斯特杆菌属和乳酸菌属)丰度降低9。研究显示,ADHD患儿表现出α多样性降低,毛螺菌科(特别是Blautia属和Anaerostipes属)丰度增加,而与神经发育障碍相关的瘤胃球菌科和疣微菌门(特别是阿克曼菌)丰度减少10。此外,已有研究发现ADHD与孤独症谱系障碍的菌群组成高度相似,均观察到厚壁菌门减少和拟杆菌门增加,且这一特征与多动/冲动症状显著相关11。国内研究显示,肠杆菌属、气味杆菌属、枸橼酸杆菌属的丰度与ADHD症状严重程度均呈正相关,而韦荣球菌属、拟杆菌属、双歧杆菌属、普氏栖粪杆菌呈负相关12。梁妍等13还通过双向孟德尔随机化分析进一步揭示,瘤胃球菌属可能是影响ADHD的主要因素。

由此可见,ADHD患儿肠道菌群(特别是厚壁菌门、拟杆菌门等核心菌门)存在特异性失调,但具体菌属的差异尚未达成共识,未来还需进一步研究阐明特定菌属的功能及其相互作用对ADHD的影响机制。

1.2 菌群代谢产物紊乱

短链脂肪酸(short-chain fatty acid, SCFA)作为MGBA的关键介质,在调节免疫功能、神经递质产生和维持MGBA完整性方面发挥重要作用。临床研究发现,ADHD患者的关键SCFA(包括乙酸、丙酸、异丁酸、异戊酸和戊酸等)水平显著降低,可能通过破坏5-羟色胺(5-hydroxytryptamine, 5-HT)、去甲肾上腺素(norepinephrine, NE)等神经递质平衡,影响ADHD患者的神经发育和行为特征10。Eicher等14的研究表明,这种减少可能与肠道菌群中产SCFA的抗炎菌(如双歧杆菌、普氏菌属、粪杆菌属)丰度下降和促炎菌(如放线菌门)增殖相关,从而导致肠道屏障功能受损和神经炎症。

色氨酸(tryptophan, Trp)是一种必需氨基酸,在蛋白质的生物合成中起重要作用,其代谢主要涉及犬尿氨酸途径、5-HT途径和吲哚途径。犬尿氨酸途径和5-HT途径均参与抑制多巴胺(dopamine, DA)和NE的释放,从而诱发ADHD的注意力不集中症状15。研究发现,新生儿脐带血中Trp、5-羟色氨酸和N-乙酰色氨酸的水平,以及多种Trp代谢物都与ADHD的发病风险呈正相关16

γ-氨基丁酸(γ-aminobutyric acid, GABA)作为CNS关键的抑制性神经递质,其转运蛋白存在于血脑屏障(blood-brain barrier, BBB)中,拟杆菌属、副拟杆菌属和埃希菌属等肠道菌群产生的GABA甚至可到达大脑,调控情绪和行为8。近年研究表明,ADHD的病理生理机制与GABA能功能障碍密切相关。Puts等17通过磁共振波谱技术发现,未用药ADHD儿童的纹状体GABA浓度显著降低。Mamiya等18进一步证实,ADHD患者的注意力控制缺陷可能与额纹状体回路的GABA能系统反应不足有关。

2 MGBA调控ADHD的核心机制

随着肠道微生物与各种疾病关联研究的深入,阐明MGBA的调控机制对于ADHD的创新诊断和治疗至关重要19。肠道微生物群通过免疫和代谢功能调节CNS稳态,而大脑通过MGBA内的神经内分泌信号影响肠道微生物组成。这种动态平衡对于确保神经发生、保持血脑屏障的完整性和避免神经炎症至关重要,失衡则可能影响大脑发育、行为和认知20

2.1 神经途径调控机制

既往研究表明,ADHD的发作与神经递质异常密切相关,ADHD患者存在DA、NE和GABA合成受损,而5-HT活性升高;此外,肠道微生物群可通过多种途径影响神经递质21。研究发现,特定菌属(如乳杆菌属、双歧杆菌属等)能够直接产生GABA,再通过MGBA等途径影响健康和行为22。此外,SCFA可通过抑制组蛋白去乙酰化酶活性调节DA能神经元,还能通过增强BBB完整性、影响神经营养因子水平、促进5-HT合成或直接激活迷走神经传入神经,与神经通路相互作用23。而5-HT能神经传递也在ADHD中起重要作用,研究发现,TPH2基因多态性及其DNA甲基化通过调节脑内5-HT水平,影响额顶叶网络的动态神经活动,进而导致注意力缺陷和冲动行为24

MGBA通过自主神经系统介导神经调控,其通路包括迷走神经(vagus nerve, VN)传入和传出纤维及肠神经系统25。VN作为肠脑双向通信的主要通路,能够感知SCFA等菌群代谢物,调节前额叶功能,进而影响注意力、行为和情绪26。研究发现,ADHD症状的严重程度与额顶叶和额叶纹状体网络不同区域的异常神经激活相关27。动物实验表明,特定菌株(如鼠李糖乳杆菌)可通过VN调节小鼠脑内GABA受体表达,改善焦虑、抑郁相关行为,而VN切断后上述神经化学和行为效应消失,证实VN是肠-脑间的关键通信通路28。最新研究还显示,VN可通过刺激Brunner腺分泌黏液来促进乳杆菌增殖,从而改善心理压力引起的肠道菌群紊乱和免疫力降低29

2.2 免疫途径调控机制

肠道微生物通过细胞因子和受体介导免疫调节,在先天免疫系统的建立和稳态中起核心作用。研究发现,特定菌群可响应不同免疫细胞中的免疫变化,例如双歧杆菌不仅能通过胞外多糖调节宿主免疫,其代谢产物也是一种免疫介质30。微生物组还能影响小胶质细胞等免疫细胞的分化和成熟,参与神经发生和认知功能调节31。近期ADHD动物实验进一步证实,生命早期补充两歧双歧杆菌BD-1可通过调节免疫、抑制神经炎症、改善DA系统功能并缓解多动行为,提示菌群及其代谢产物可通过调控小胶质细胞活化状态影响神经免疫32。特别是SCFA通过调节BBB和神经免疫内分泌功能,对小胶质细胞引起的炎症反应具有直接抑制作用,因此精神益生菌能够通过增加SCFA水平抑制神经炎症并调控免疫细胞,从而改善ADHD症状的严重程度33

2.3 内分泌途径调控机制

下丘脑-垂体-肾上腺(hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal, HPA)轴是应激反应和MGBA的核心调控系统。压力可激活HPA轴,促使下丘脑分泌促肾上腺皮质激素释放激素等激素,继而触发垂体释放促肾上腺皮质激素,最终导致皮质醇的合成和释放34。皮质醇不仅能通过调节作用于HPA轴的细胞因子分泌影响免疫系统,还能影响肠道微生物群的功能分化25,而肠道菌群也可反向调节HPA轴23。这种双向调节可能与ADHD患者HPA轴失调、皮质醇水平降低及神经炎症相关35。此外,肠道内分布的肠内分泌细胞能够感知微生物刺激并释放激素,将信号传递给CNS,是肠道微生物群的关键传感器和肠脑信号转导的介质19

3 靶向肠道菌群的干预策略

3.1 精神益生菌干预

近年来,基于MGBA的新疗法已被探索用于治疗多种精神障碍,使用益生菌、益生元、合生元这些以微生物群为导向的干预措施统称为“精神益生菌”36。精神益生菌不仅能够通过影响肠道微生物组、发挥抗炎和免疫调节作用改善社会行为症状,还能通过VN通路和各种代谢物调节认知、记忆、学习和行为功能37

精神益生菌作用于与常规药物相同的神经通路,但对患者更友好、不良反应更少,Rojo-Marticella等38通过研究含有与DA和GABA产生相关的菌株(植物乳植杆菌和短乳杆菌)对孤独症谱系障碍和ADHD相关症状严重程度的潜在影响,结果显示益生菌能够缓解年幼儿童患者的多动冲动症状。植物乳植杆菌还可通过调节HPA轴和促炎细胞因子,保护肠道屏障的完整性并减少炎症,从而缓解神经系统疾病的一系列症状39。一项系统评价发现,鼠李糖乳杆菌GG益生菌补充剂也改善了ADHD儿童的情绪、身体、社交和学校功能以及与健康相关的生活质量40。此外,益生菌作为ADHD药物的辅助治疗效果也很好。例如,2024年的临床试验发现,两歧双歧杆菌(Bf-688菌株)不仅能够改善接受哌甲酯治疗的ADHD儿童的核心症状,还能减轻药物不良反应41。另有研究表明,嗜酸乳杆菌LB联合托莫西汀治疗3个月,可改善ADHD患儿的症状严重程度、持续注意力和执行功能42

3.2 饮食干预

饮食干预在神经精神疾病治疗中展现出巨大潜力。例如,生酮饮食已经被证实是儿童和青少年难治性癫痫的有效疗法43。一项系统评价结果表明,终止高血压膳食疗法、无麸质饮食,以及维生素D、镁等维生素及矿物质补充剂作为辅助手段可有效改善ADHD的行为和情绪症状44。充足的维生素和矿物质的摄入对大脑的正常发育至关重要,其缺乏会损害与ADHD发病相关的大脑区域,因此,ADHD儿童常表现为微量营养素缺乏,补充或限制某些营养素或食物可改善其症状31。例如,最近研究表明,omega-3(特别是二十碳五烯酸)和维生素D可能辅助治疗ADHD45。另一项临床研究显示,多种营养素补充剂的疗效是安慰剂的3倍,为ADHD儿童提供了一种额外的补充治疗选择46。此外,Hontelez等47发现,少数食物饮食(few-foods diet, FFD)至少减轻了40%儿童的ADHD症状,且与楔前叶激活增加有关,为FFD对ADHD儿童疗效的神经认知机制提供了证据。Pelsser等48研究发现,FFD还能显著减少ADHD儿童的一些共病(如异常口渴、出汗、胃肠道不适及失眠等)。Long等21采用针对性更强的低凝集素饮食进行干预,发现ADHD患儿的临床症状显著改善,甚至还能带来额外益处。尽管大多数研究侧重于补充儿童和青少年的微量营养素,但健康的饮食对减轻ADHD症状也是必要的,国际指南不建议对学龄前ADHD患儿进行药物治疗,而是推荐饮食、营养及定期锻炼等方式,健康的饮食模式甚至能显著降低某些精神障碍的发病风险31

3.3 粪便微生物群移植

粪便微生物群移植(fecal microbiota transplantation, FMT)通过将健康供体的肠道菌群植入患者胃肠道,经MGBA调控免疫、代谢及神经途径影响神经系统疾病的症状或进展,具有良好的长期安全性8。目前FMT对ADHD的共患病(如孤独症谱系障碍、抑郁症)的临床和动物研究已证明其疗效,但针对ADHD的探索相对较少。动物研究显示,来自健康个体的FMT可能有助于改善ADHD样大鼠的异常行为,其机制可能与拟杆菌等特定肠道微生物群丰度增加、激活DA能系统相关49。犬类癫痫模型研究进一步证实,FMT可减轻ADHD样行为、恐惧和焦虑样行为,同时伴随GABA及GABA/谷氨酸比值增加50。另有病例报道发现,1例艰难梭菌感染患者在接受FMT后,其ADHD症状意外地得到缓解,这也是目前唯一报道的FMT后ADHD症状改善的人体研究51

4 总结和展望

总的来说,MGBA在儿童ADHD的病理生理机制中起关键作用。ADHD患儿往往存在肠道菌群失调及相关代谢产物紊乱,这些异常可能通过MGBA的神经、免疫及内分泌调控途径,影响CNS发育及神经递质平衡,进而诱发ADHD核心症状。尽管MGBA在儿童ADHD中的具体作用机制尚未完全阐明,但基于MGBA的靶向肠道菌群疗法为儿童ADHD开辟了非药物干预的新途径。当前研究表明,精神益生菌和饮食干预在短期应用中可改善ADHD症状且安全性良好,但其疗效持久性及长期应用的安全性尚不明确。而FMT虽在神经疾病治疗中展现出价值,但其确切机制和药理学作用尚未完全阐明,且在ADHD中的机制探索及临床应用仍处于初级阶段。

对于未来的研究,可从以下三方面深入开展:(1)系统阐明ADHD患儿的肠道菌群特征以及肠道微生物群在ADHD发病中的具体作用机制,同时深入探索MGBA与ADHD的互作机制,明确特定菌群及代谢产物经BBB影响CNS的具体通路;(2)开展更多高质量、大规模、多中心的临床试验及长期随访研究,评估靶向菌群治疗的疗效稳定性与安全性;(3)探索传统药物治疗与新兴靶向肠道菌群干预的结合方式,开发新型治疗策略以减少对单独药物治疗的依赖,以期达到更好的治疗效果和患者生活质量的改善。

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基金资助

中国人民解放军联勤保障部队第九四〇医院科研项目(2023YXK042)

西北民族大学中央高校专项调研项目(31920230127)

RIGHTS & PERMISSIONS

版权所有 © 2023中国当代儿科杂志

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