儿童异基因造血干细胞移植后重型免疫介导性血小板减少症应用脐带间充质干细胞治疗分析

章波 ,  栾佐 ,  唐湘凤 ,  吴南海

中国当代儿科杂志 ›› 2025, Vol. 27 ›› Issue (09) : 1128 -1133.

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中国当代儿科杂志 ›› 2025, Vol. 27 ›› Issue (09) : 1128 -1133. DOI: 10.7499/j.issn.1008-8830.2503173
临床经验

儿童异基因造血干细胞移植后重型免疫介导性血小板减少症应用脐带间充质干细胞治疗分析

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Application of umbilical cord mesenchymal stem cells in the treatment of severe immune-mediated thrombocytopenia after allogeneic hematopoietic stem cell transplantation in children

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摘要

该文报道了2例应用脐带间充质干细胞(umbilical cord mesenchymal stem cells UC-MSCs)治疗儿童异基因造血干细胞移植(hematopoietic stem cell transplantation, HSCT)后重型免疫介导性血小板减少症(immune-mediated thrombocytopenia, IMTP)的患儿。例1为极重型再生障碍性贫血患儿,行单倍体骨髓+外周血HSCT,+25 d嵌合率达99.8%,+60 d出现重型IMTP,给予静脉注射免疫球蛋白冲击治疗后血小板短暂上升后下降,给予环孢素、甲泼尼龙、利妥昔单抗治疗效果差。例2为戈谢病患儿,行非血缘脐血HSCT,+41 d查嵌合率为96.35%,+153 d出现重型IMTP,先后给予3次静脉注射免疫球蛋白冲击治疗后血小板上升后又下降,给予地塞米松、泼尼松、环孢素及重组人血小板生成素治疗效果差。2例患儿均输注3次UC-MSCs,血小板上升并维持在正常水平。例1已随访10年,无病生存。UC-MSCs治疗对HSCT后一、二线治疗无效的重型IMTP有一定疗效,可提高HSCT后重型IMTP患儿的生活质量及无病生存率。

Abstract

This report describes two cases of severe immune-mediated thrombocytopenia after allogeneic hematopoietic stem cell transplantation (HSCT) who were treated with umbilical cord mesenchymal stem cells (UC-MSCs). Case 1 was a child with severe aplastic anemia who underwent haploidentical bone marrow and peripheral blood HSCT, with a chimerism rate of 99.8% on day +25 and severe immune-mediated thrombocytopenia on day +60. After intravenous immunoglobulin (IVIG) pulse therapy, platelet count increased temporarily but then decreased, while cyclosporine, methylprednisolone, and rituximab had a poor therapeutic effect. Case 2 was a child with Gaucher's disease who underwent unrelated umbilical cord blood HSCT, with a chimerism rate of 96.35% on day +41 and severe immune-mediated thrombocytopenia on day +153. After three sessions of IVIG pulse therapy, the platelet count increased initially but subsequently decreased. Therapies with dexamethasone, prednisone, cyclosporine, and recombinant human thrombopoietin also yielded a poor response. Both children received three sessions of UC-MSCs infusion, and platelet counts increased and were subsequently maintained within the normal range. Case 1 has been followed up for 10 years and remains in disease-free survival. UC-MSCs infusion may be effective for severe immune-mediated thrombocytopenia that is unresponsive to first- and second-line therapies after HSCT and could potentially improve the quality of life and disease-free survival rate.

Graphical abstract

关键词

间充质干细胞 / 造血干细胞移植 / 免疫介导性血小板减少症 / 免疫介导血细胞减少 / 儿童

Key words

Mesenchymal stem cell / Hematopoietic stem cell transplantation / Immune-mediated thrombocytopenia / Immune-mediated cytopenia / Child

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章波,栾佐,唐湘凤,吴南海. 儿童异基因造血干细胞移植后重型免疫介导性血小板减少症应用脐带间充质干细胞治疗分析[J]. 中国当代儿科杂志, 2025, 27(09): 1128-1133 DOI:10.7499/j.issn.1008-8830.2503173

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免疫介导性血小板减少症(immune-mediated thrombocytopenia, IMTP)是异基因造血干细胞移植(allogeneic hematopoietic stem cell transplantation, allo-HSCT)后出现的少见并发症,其发生率为0.5%~2%1。报道显示,allo-HSCT后持续血小板减少是预后不良因素,可降低患儿长期生存率2。allo-HSCT后IMTP的治疗方法参照原发性免疫性血小板减少症(primary immune thrombocytopenia, ITP),包括一、二线治疗方法。一线治疗方法有糖皮质激素、静脉注射免疫球蛋白(intravenous immunogloblin, IVIG);二线治疗方法包括重组人血小板生成素(recombinant human thrombopoietin, rhTPO)、艾曲波帕、利妥昔单抗、脾切除、长春新碱、环孢素A等3,部分患者疗效欠佳。间充质干细胞(mesenchymal stem cells, MSCs)是一种低免疫原性多能干细胞,具有多种免疫调节作用和再生修复能力。已有多篇报道应用各种来源的MSCs治疗自身免疫性疾病及难治性ITP,其疗效及安全性已得到证实4-5。各种来源的MSCs治疗allo-HSCT后IMTP有少量报道。本文报道2例应用脐带MSCs(umbilical cord MSCs, UC-MSCs)治疗儿童allo-HSCT后一、二线药物治疗效果差的重型IMTP,旨在探索其治疗的效果及安全性,提高allo-HSCT的成功率,减少并发症,提高患儿生存质量,为此类患儿提供一种新的治疗方法。

1 资料与方法

1.1 研究对象

回顾分析中国人民解放军总医院第六医学中心应用UC-MSCs治疗的2例allo-HSCT后重型IMTP患儿的临床资料。重型IMTP诊断标准:(1)allo-HSCT后移植物植入,外周血常规恢复正常7 d以上后再次出现血小板减少,骨髓嵌合率达90%以上;(2)血小板计数(platelet count, PLT)<10×109/L,并伴有黏膜出血,且符合3级以上出血标准;(3)骨髓细胞学检查显示巨核细胞增多或正常伴成熟障碍;(4)排除原发病复发、移植物植入失败、病毒感染等其他因素引起的血小板减少6-7

1.2 临床资料收集

收集患儿的临床资料,主要包括原发病特点、allo-HSCT情况、发生重型IMTP的临床特点、治疗情况、血小板恢复情况、不良反应及预后。

2 结果

2.1 一般资料及临床表现

例1,女,4岁,因发热、贫血、全身出血点1个月入院。检查后确诊为极重型再生障碍性贫血。行allo-HSCT,植入成功,外周血常规恢复正常。+60 d出现重型IMTP,伴有鼻腔、口腔血疱及牙龈出血,血小板输注无效。完善相关检查后诊断allo-HSCT后重型IMTP,给予甲泼尼龙2 mg/kg治疗,效果不佳,给予1次IVIG冲击治疗后PLT最高至73×109/L[参考值:(100~300)×109/L],后下降至9×109/L,先后给予环孢素及利妥昔单抗治疗,效果差。

例2,女,4岁,9个月前发现腹部明显膨隆,查β-葡萄糖苷酶明显降低,确诊为戈谢病。入院前1个月因脾大、脾亢行脾切除术。入院后22 d行allo-HSCT,+41 d复查嵌合率示96.35%,血常规正常。+153 d出现重型IMTP,并有鼻出血及口腔血疱,血小板输注无效。完善相关检查后诊断为allo-HSCT后重型IMTP,给予3次IVIG冲击治疗,PLT升至109×109/L后又下降。+176 d PLT下降至9×109/L,先后予地塞米松、泼尼松、环孢素、rhTPO等药物治疗,效果差。2例患儿的临床资料见表1

2.2 实验室检查

2例患儿移植后查血小板相关抗体均呈阴性。骨髓细胞学检查显示增生活跃,巨核细胞数增多伴成熟障碍。例2直接Coombs试验阳性(抗IgG 4+,抗C3弱阳性)。

2.3 诊治经过及预后

例1输注3次UC-MSCs后PLT维持正常且未再下降,随访至今无病存活。例2停用一切药物后输注3次UC-MSCs,后PLT维持在200×109/L以上。见图1。但例2在血小板稳定2个月后因感染重型播散性水痘死亡。2例患儿在输注UC-MSCs过程中生命体征平稳,无过敏反应及其他不良反应。

3 讨论

Allo-HSCT后IMTP易发生在年轻及非恶性疾病allo-HSCT患者中,是allo-HSCT后死亡的高危因素7,现在尚无相关治疗指南。allo-HSCT后出现的IMTP大多为难治性,需要二线治疗,甚至三线治疗。Beck等8报道了1例allo-HSCT后难治性IMTP患儿,其先后应用了IVIG、抗-Rh(D)免疫球蛋白、甲泼尼龙、长春新碱、利妥昔单抗、罗米司亭等药物后血小板维持正常。Gergis等9报道了一例allo-HSCT后出现的难治性IMTP患者,给予地塞米松、IVIG、泼尼松等治疗均效果不佳,予他克莫司后血小板维持在正常范围。Migdady等10报道了1例成人骨髓增生异常综合征患者,行allo-HSCT后出现难治性重型IMTP,先后给予IVIG、糖皮质激素、长春新碱、利妥昔单抗、血浆置换、罗米司亭、艾曲波帕、达那唑等药物治疗,血小板仍无明显上升,最终给予人类免疫球蛋白G1k单链抗体达雷妥尤单抗(daretumab)后血小板维持正常。

MSCs是一种低免疫原性的多能干细胞,具有免疫调节作用和再生修复能力,临床上已用于许多系统疾病,特别是自身免疫系统疾病的治疗,并取得了一定的疗效11-12。UC-MSCs来源于新生儿离断的脐带组织,相对于骨髓、脂肪来源更加易得、无创、纯净和原始,细胞的增殖、分化及免疫调节能力更强,其在体外能多次扩增,细胞数量可以得到保证,因此UC-MSCs较其他来源的MSCs有更大的优势13-14。MSCs在造血干细胞移植中已有较多应用,其与造血干细胞同时输注促进移植物植入和预防GVHD已有较多的研究,在治疗植入物功能不良及急慢性GVHD方面也取得了较好的疗效15-17。多个研究显示,ITP患者的骨髓MSCs存在缺陷18-19。体外和动物实验显示,MSCs能调节免疫细胞,具有治疗ITP的作用20-21。有研究表明,ITP患者辅助T细胞(helper T cell, Th)分泌的细胞因子,如Th1细胞因子白细胞介素(interleukin, IL)-2、干扰素(interferon, IFN)-γ明显增加,Th2细胞因子IL-4和IL-10却显著减少,Th1/Th2细胞因子失衡,最终导致ITP。而将MSCs分别与Th1、Th2细胞共培养时,其能抑制Th1细胞分泌IFN-γ,而促进Th2细胞分泌IL-4。进一步研究显示,MSCs能明显抑制ITP患者Th1细胞因子(IL-2、IFN-γ)的分泌,而促进ITP患者Th2细胞因子(IL-4、IL-10)的分泌,并且随着MSCs数量的增加,其作用增强22-23。Ma等24将UC-MSCs与ITP患者外周血单个核细胞共培养时,发现UC-MSCs能明显抑制外周血单个核细胞中CD4+T细胞、CD8+T细胞和CD19+B细胞增殖,抑制共刺激分子CD80、CD40L和FasL表达,显著增加调节T细胞的比例,纠正Th1/Th2失衡,使自身血小板凋亡显著减少;其研究还表明,UC-MSCs还可以通过抑制巨核细胞Fas表达,促进肿瘤坏死因子相关凋亡诱导配体表达,抑制巨核细胞早期凋亡,显著提高产板型巨核细胞的数量。还有研究表明,MSCs在骨髓微环境中通过分泌IL-3、巨细胞集落刺激因子和血小板生成素等细胞因子直接影响巨噬细胞和树突细胞的生存和分化,从而降低它们对血小板的攻击性,促进健康血小板的生成;MSCs也可以通过分泌胰岛素样生长因子、血管内皮生长因子以及活化PI3K/AKT信号通路来提高细胞存活率,减少血小板在炎症条件下的凋亡25-27

临床上有用MSCs治疗ITP的报道。Fang等28应用脂肪MSCs治疗7例成人慢性难治性ITP患者,细胞量均为2×106 /kg,在移植后所有患者血小板均升高,4例(57.1%)出现持续的反应,未见不良反应。Ma等24利用UC-MSCs治疗2例成人慢性难治性ITP患者,细胞量均为4×105 /kg,1例在62 d PLT达到最高82×109 /L,后又下降至29×109 /L,但未再出现出血症状;另1例在30 d PLT达到最高112×109 /L,后一直处于缓解状态,皮肤及黏膜未见出血,2例均无不良反应。Chen等29用UC-MSCs治疗成人难治性ITP已经进入Ⅰ期临床试验,其输注细胞数为(0.5~2)×106/kg,其总体反应率为44.4%,60%~75%患者的出血症状可以完全缓解。本团队通过UC-MSCs治疗了3例儿童重型ITP患者,均取得了较好的疗效6

国内外也有利用MSCs治疗allo-HSCT后IMTP的报道。Sánchez-Guijo等30利用骨髓MSCs治疗3例成人allo-HSCT后IMTP患者,中位输注细胞数为1×106 /kg,输注1~4次,后PLT均维持正常值。Zhu等31利用UC-MSCs联合阿伐曲波帕治疗16例allo-HSCT后IMTP成人患者,每次输注细胞数为1×106 /kg,输注4~6次,其中13例(81.3%)获得完全缓解,2例(12.5%)部分缓解,1例(6.3%)无反应。贺晶等32报道了1例急性髓系白血病同胞全相合allo-HSCT后重型IMTP患儿,PLT最低<5×109/L,先后给予了IVIG、甲泼尼龙、rhTPO、海曲波帕等药物治疗效果不佳,后给予UC-MSCs联合利妥昔单抗后PLT升至正常。

本文例1在血小板减少后30 d启用UC-MSCs,而例2为71 d,可能提示早些时间应用MSCs治疗allo-HSCT后IMTP可减少各种免疫抑制剂的应用,减少重症感染的发生率,降低病死率。鉴于上述病例经验,提早应用MSCs,比如在使用IVIG、糖皮质激素等一线治疗药物治疗效果欠佳的1个月内应用MSCs,是否可减少移植相关并发症的发生,提高生存率及生活质量,需要进一步研究探讨。在MSCs来源的选择上,可进行骨髓和脐带来源MSCs治疗疗效的比较研究,为临床选择合适的MSCs种类提供临床数据。在多种免疫抑制剂疗效欠佳的情况下,是否可将MSCs与促血小板生成类药物联合应用于难治性IMTP患儿,也值得我们研究。未来将扩大病例数,进行多中心临床研究来优化UC-MSCs治疗allo-HSCT后重型IMTP的治疗方案,并进行细胞及动物等基础实验研究,进一步阐述其作用机制。

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