胰岛素抵抗与特发性中枢性性早熟女童的关联性及其诊断价值

李锦波 ,  肖雅 ,  姜书琴 ,  罗向阳 ,  张红如 ,  孙俊 ,  史文慧 ,  杨莹 ,  王伟

中国当代儿科杂志 ›› 2025, Vol. 27 ›› Issue (12) : 1487 -1492.

PDF (590KB)
中国当代儿科杂志 ›› 2025, Vol. 27 ›› Issue (12) : 1487 -1492. DOI: 10.7499/j.issn.1008-8830.2506020
论著·临床研究

胰岛素抵抗与特发性中枢性性早熟女童的关联性及其诊断价值

作者信息 +

Association between insulin resistance and idiopathic central precocious puberty in girls and the diagnostic value of insulin resistance

Author information +
文章历史 +
PDF (603K)

摘要

目的 探讨胰岛素抵抗与特发性中枢性性早熟(idiopathic central precocious puberty, ICPP)女童的关系及其在早期诊断中的价值。 方法 回顾性分析2022年1月—2025年3月在河南省妇幼保健院儿童内分泌科就诊的245例4~7.5岁低黄体生成素(luteinizing hormone, LH)水平(0.2~0.83 IU/L)、体重正常(体重指数标准差积分在-2 SD~+2 SD之间)、乳房发育早期女童的临床资料,依据《中枢性性早熟诊断与治疗专家共识(2022)》的诊断标准,分为ICPP组(123例)和对照组(122例)。分析稳态模型评估-胰岛素抵抗指数(homeostasis model assessment of insulin resistance, HOMA-IR)与部分指标的相关性,应用多因素logistic回归分析HOMA-IR与ICPP的关联性,并评价不同指标对ICPP的诊断效能。 结果 ICPP组的HOMA-IR高于对照组(P<0.001),且HOMA-IR与LH峰值(rs =0.467,P<0.05)及LH峰值/FSH峰值(rs =0.444,P<0.05)呈正相关。多因素logistic回归模型分析同时纳入年龄、体重指数、LH基础值后,HOMA-IR与ICPP发生密切相关(OR=2.756,95%CI:1.940~3.913)。受试者操作特征曲线分析显示,LH基础值、HOMA-IR及两者联合诊断ICPP的曲线下面积分别为0.735、0.735、0.805(P<0.05),两者联合诊断的曲线下面积均高于LH基础值和HOMA-IR(P<0.05)。 结论 HOMA-IR与低LH且体重正常女童发生ICPP密切相关,将HOMA-IR与LH基础值联合检测,可提高该类ICPP女童的早期识别与诊断效能。

Abstract

Objective To explore the relationship between insulin resistance and idiopathic central precocious puberty (ICPP) in girls and the diagnostic value of insulin resistance. Methods Clinical data of 245 girls aged 4 to 7.5 years with low luteinizing hormone (LH) levels (0.2-0.83 IU/L), normal body weight (body mass index standard deviation score between -2 and +2), and early breast development who visited the Department of Pediatric Endocrinology, Henan Provincial Maternal and Child Health Hospital from January 2022 to March 2025 were retrospectively analyzed. According to the Expert Consensus on the Diagnosis and Treatment of Central Precocious Puberty (2022), patients were assigned to an ICPP group (n=123) or a control group (n=122). Correlations between the homeostasis model assessment of insulin resistance (HOMA-IR) and selected indices were assessed. Multivariable logistic regression was used to evaluate the association between HOMA-IR and ICPP, and the diagnostic performance of various indices for ICPP was evaluated. Results HOMA-IR was higher in the ICPP group than in the control group (P<0.001) and was positively correlated with LH peak (rs=0.467, P<0.05) and the LH peak/FSH peak ratio (rs=0.444, P<0.05). The multivariable logistic regression model including age, BMI, and basal LH showed that HOMA-IR was closely associated with ICPP (OR=2.756, 95%CI: 1.940-3.913). Receiver operating characteristic curve analysis showed that the areas under the curve for basal LH, HOMA-IR, and their combination in diagnosing ICPP were 0.735, 0.735, and 0.805, respectively (P<0.05), and the combined model had a greater area under the curve than either basal LH or HOMA-IR alone (both P<0.05). Conclusions HOMA-IR is closely associated with ICPP in girls with low LH and normal body weight, and combining HOMA-IR with basal LH improves early identification and diagnostic efficiency in this population.

关键词

中枢性性早熟 / 胰岛素抵抗 / 稳态模型评估-胰岛素抵抗指数 / 女童

Key words

Central precocious puberty / Insulin resistance / Homeostasis model assessment of insulin resistance / Girl

引用本文

引用格式 ▾
李锦波,肖雅,姜书琴,罗向阳,张红如,孙俊,史文慧,杨莹,王伟. 胰岛素抵抗与特发性中枢性性早熟女童的关联性及其诊断价值[J]. 中国当代儿科杂志, 2025, 27(12): 1487-1492 DOI:10.7499/j.issn.1008-8830.2506020

登录浏览全文

4963

注册一个新账户 忘记密码

胰岛素抵抗(insulin resistance, IR)指机体对胰岛素的敏感性下降,需分泌更多胰岛素以维持正常血糖水平1。IR可能与青春期发育2、肥胖3、饮食4、生活方式5及遗传因素6有关。青春期相关IR是青少年生长发育过程中常见的生理现象,其核心驱动因素为激素水平波动,且该过程独立于肥胖影响7。健康青少年在青春期中期胰岛素敏感性可下降约30%,青春期结束后逐渐恢复至青春期前水平8。中枢性性早熟(central precocious puberty, CPP)是指由于下丘脑-垂体-性腺轴(hypothalamic-pituitary-gonadal axis, HPGA)提前激活,导致第二性征提早发育的疾病,其中特发性中枢性性早熟(idiopathic central precocious puberty, ICPP)约占女童CPP病例的80%~95%9。尽管已有研究表明,IR在CPP女童中较为常见10-11,但IR与CPP关系的研究仍相对有限。目前CPP的诊断研究多集中于单独应用黄体生成素(luteinizing hormone, LH)基础值12或联合盆腔超声检查13,以期减少促性腺激素释放激素(gonadotropin-releasing hormone, GnRH)激发试验的使用。然而,对于LH基础值介于0.2~0.83 IU/L的乳房早发育女童,CPP的诊断仍需依赖GnRH激发试验14。本研究旨在探讨低LH水平、体重正常的ICPP女童与单纯乳房早发育女童IR的差异,分析IR与ICPP的相关性,并进一步评估单一LH基础值、IR及两者联合诊断ICPP的临床价值。

1 资料与方法

1.1 研究对象及分组

本研究为回顾性分析,纳入2022年1月—2025年3月就诊于河南省妇幼保健院儿童内分泌科的1 797例4~7.5岁出现乳房发育的女童。根据纳入与排除标准,最终符合条件的245例受试者被纳入研究。纳入标准:(1)血清LH基础值为0.2~0.83 IU/L14;(2)体重正常,即根据2009年中国儿童生长曲线15,结合测得的身高及体重计算体重指数标准差积分(body mass index standard deviation scores, BMI SDS),将BMI SDS位于-2 SD~+2 SD的儿童定义为体重正常;(3)已完成空腹血糖(fasting blood glucose, FBG)、空腹胰岛素(fasting insulin, FINS)、盆腔超声、骨龄(bone age, BA)、GnRH激发试验及垂体磁共振成像检查。排除标准:(1)垂体磁共振成像检查显示结构异常或外周性性早熟;(2)乳房发育B4、B5期;(3)合并甲状腺功能、肾上腺功能不全或其他慢性疾病者;(4)就诊前使用可能影响HPGA及FINS、FBG药物者;(5)病历资料缺失者。本研究通过我院医学伦理委员会批准(2025-035-01),并豁免知情同意。

根据GnRH激发试验结果、盆腔超声、BA及生长速率,依据《中枢性性早熟诊断与治疗专家共识(2022)》16,确定ICPP的诊断标准如下:(1)性腺增大,即盆腔B超示女童子宫及卵巢容积增大,卵巢内可见多个直径≥4 mm的卵泡;(2)BA提前;(3)GnRH激发试验结果示LH峰值≥5.0 IU/L,且LH峰值与FSH峰值之比≥0.6;(4)线性生长加速;(5)垂体磁共振成像检查示垂体无结构异常。将符合以上ICPP诊断标准的研究对象纳入ICPP组(123例),反之纳入对照组(122例)。

1.2 临床资料的收集

收集医院信息系统病历资料中研究对象的年龄、身高、体重、乳房发育分期、FBG、FINS、GnRH激发试验结果,以及盆腔超声、左手正位数字化X片和垂体磁共振成像检查结果。计算体重指数[body mass index,BMI;BMI=体重(kg)/身高(m)2],并结合中国儿童体格发育指标15计算BMI SDS=[(BMI/ML-1]/(L×S),其中L为偏度,M为中位数,S为变异系数。乳房发育分期均由儿童内分泌医生依据Tanner分期标准17进行评估。BA由2名儿童内分泌医生依据Greulich-Pyle图谱法,通过左手正位数字化X片独立判读。盆腔超声检查采用SAMSUNG RS85 Prestige彩色多普勒超声诊断仪,经腹多角度探查,测量子宫长径及双侧卵巢卵泡数(直径≥4 mm)。GnRH激发试验在患儿空腹12 h后晨起进行,静脉输注戈那瑞林(2.5 μg/kg,最大100 μg;马鞍山丰原制药有限公司,国药准字H10960063),分别于注射前及注射后30、60、90 min采集静脉血2 mL,离心处理后留取血清。采用罗氏Cobas 8000电化学发光免疫分析系统及配套试剂盒,通过电化学发光法测定各时相的LH、FSH水平。IR的评估使用稳态模型评估-胰岛素抵抗指数(homeostatic model assessment of insulin resistance, HOMA-IR)作为替代指标18。HOMA-IR是一种基于FBG和FINS水平计算的IR评估方法,其公式为:HOMA-IR=[FINS(mIU/L)×FBG(mmol/L)]/22.519

1.3 统计学分析

采用SPSS 26.0软件进行统计分析。非正态分布计量资料以中位数(四分位数间距)[MP25P75)]表示,组间比较采用Mann-Whitney U检验。采用Spearman秩相关分析评估HOMA-IR与促性腺激素的相关性。采用多因素logistic回归分析探讨HOMA-IR与ICPP的关联性。绘制受试者操作特征曲线(receiver operating characteristic curve, ROC曲线),计算HOMA-IR、LH基础值及两者联合诊断ICPP的曲线下面积(area under the curve, AUC),AUC比较采用Delong检验。所有检验均为双侧检验,P<0.05为差异有统计学意义。

2 结果

2.1 一般临床资料比较

ICPP组的身高、体重、FINS、LH基础值、LH峰值、LH峰值/FSH峰值及HOMA-IR均高于对照组(P<0.05)。两组年龄、BMI、BMI SDS、FBG、BA、骨龄年龄差(bone age-chronological age, BA-CA)、FSH基础值、FSH峰值、子宫长径及直径≥4 mm双侧卵泡数比较差异均无统计学意义(P>0.05)。见表1

2.2 HOMA-IR与促性腺激素的相关性分析

HOMA-IR与LH基础值、LH峰值及LH峰值/FSH峰值均呈正相关(P<0.05),且与LH峰值、LH峰值/FSH峰值的相关性更为显著。HOMA-IR与FSH基础值、FSH峰值无相关性(P>0.05)。见表2

2.3 HOMA-IR与ICPP女童的多因素logistic回归分析

以发生ICPP作为因变量,选取年龄、BMI、LH基础值及HOMA-IR作为自变量进行多因素logistic回归分析。年龄、BMI和HOMA-IR为反映青春期发育及代谢状态的核心指标,LH基础值作为性腺轴指标亦纳入模型。表1中其他组间差异显著的指标(如身高、体重、FINS、LH峰值及LH峰值/FSH峰值)因与核心指标存在较高的相关性,纳入模型可能导致共线性或结果不稳定,因此未作为自变量。采用Enter法将4个自变量一次性全部纳入回归模型,以控制混杂因素并评估各指标的独立作用。结果显示,在模型中同时纳入年龄、BMI、LH基础值后,HOMA-IR与ICPP发生密切相关(OR=2.756,95%CI:1.940~3.913,P<0.001);LH基础值亦表现独立显著作用(OR=2.732,95%CI:1.984~3.760,P<0.001)。见表3

2.4 单一指标及联合指标的ROC曲线

ROC曲线分析显示,LH基础值+HOMA-IR联合诊断ICPP的AUC为0.805(95%CI:0.749~0.861),灵敏度为69.90%,特异度为82.80%。LH基础值+HOMA-IR联合诊断的AUC高于LH基础值(Z=2.884,P=0.007)和HOMA-IR(Z=2.690,P=0.004);LH基础值与HOMA-IR的AUC比较差异无统计学意义(Z=-0.008,P=0.993)。见表4

3 讨论

IR被定义为胰岛素靶向组织对高生理胰岛素水平的反应性降低状态,是代谢综合征的重要组成部分。IR通常表现为胰岛素代偿性升高20。本研究中,ICPP组的HOMA-IR、FINS均高于对照组,这与Hur等11研究一致。既往动物实验证实,胰岛素可穿越血脑屏障,通过激活下丘脑弓状核胰岛素受体,上调Kisspeptin神经元活性21,从而增强GnRH脉冲释放22。本研究发现,HOMA-IR与LH峰值、LH峰值/FSH峰值呈显著正相关,提示外周IR可能参与HPGA激活。胰岛素还可促进脂肪细胞合成瘦素,并增加其分泌水平23。瘦素通过双重机制激活HPGA:一方面直接激活弓状核Kisspeptin神经元,驱动GnRH脉冲式分泌24;另一方面通过抑制神经肽Y的合成与释放,消除其对GnRH神经元的张力性抑制,从而正向调控HPGA功能25。此外,高胰岛素血症可能通过抑制性激素结合球蛋白合成,间接升高游离性激素水平26,形成代谢-性腺调控的恶性循环。既往研究表明,年龄和肥胖均与HOMA-IR具有相关性27-28,而本研究多因素logistic回归同时纳入年龄、BMI、LH基础值后,仍发现HOMA-IR与ICPP密切相关。

尽管胰岛素样生长因子-1、尿液LH、性激素结合球蛋白等新指标不断被提出用于CPP辅助诊断29-31,2019年国际共识14和2022年中国新共识16均推荐LH基础值作为CPP诊断的重要依据,LH基础值≥0.83 IU/L可确诊CPP,而LH基础值>0.2 IU/L作为性发育启动的筛查指标。研究发现,当LH基础值<0.5 IU/L时,仍有17%的女童在GnRH激发试验中表现出LH峰值>5 IU/L,提示LH基础值并不能完全排除ICPP可能性32。本研究的相关性分析发现,HOMA-IR与LH峰值呈正相关,提示IR可能通过代谢-神经内分泌交互机制参与性腺轴激活。基于此,本研究利用LH基础值与HOMA-IR进行联合诊断,其AUC高于单一指标LH基础值和HOMA-IR,提示联合指标在诊断效能上具有优势,一定程度上弥补了LH基础值灵敏度较低(62.60%),HOMA-IR特异度较低(62.30%)的不足,联合指标灵敏度达到69.90%,特异度达到82.80%。该联合指标可为低LH水平、体重正常ICPP女童提供量化筛查方案,尤其适用于LH处于0.2~0.83 IU/L临界区间且GnRH激发试验依从性差的群体,具有重要临床转化价值。

本研究存在一定局限性。首先,本研究为单中心回顾性研究,样本量有限且未按年龄、BA或BMI分层,结论具有一定局限性,未来需多中心大样本研究验证。其次,HOMA-IR作为替代指标无法区分肝脏与外周IR,后续可结合高胰岛素-正葡萄糖钳夹技术提高机制研究精确性。最后,未纳入脂联素、炎症因子等新型代谢标志物,可能低估代谢调控网络的复杂性。

综上所述,HOMA-IR与低LH、体重正常女童发生ICPP密切相关,并且其与LH基础值联合应用对ICPP女童的诊断具有一定价值。

参考文献

[1]

Al-Beltagi M, Bediwy AS, Saeed NK. Insulin-resistance in paediatric age: its magnitude and implications[J]. World J Diabetes, 2022, 13(4): 282-307. PMCID: PMC9052009. DOI: 10.4239/wjd.v13.i4.282 .

[2]

Goran MI, Gower BA. Longitudinal study on pubertal insulin resistance[J]. Diabetes, 2001, 50(11): 2444-2450. DOI: 10.2337/diabetes.50.11.2444 .

[3]

McArdle MA, Finucane OM, Connaughton RM, et al. Mechanisms of obesity-induced inflammation and insulin resistance: insights into the emerging role of nutritional strategies[J]. Front Endocrinol (Lausanne), 2013, 4: 52. PMCID: PMC3650620. DOI: 10.3389/fendo.2013.00052 .

[4]

Trouwborst I, Jardon KM, Gijbels A, et al. Body composition and body fat distribution in tissue-specific insulin resistance and in response to a 12-week isocaloric dietary macronutrient intervention[J]. Nutr Metab (Lond), 2024, 21(1): 20. PMCID: PMC11003022. DOI: 10.1186/s12986-024-00795-y .

[5]

Yaribeygi H, Maleki M, Sathyapalan T, et al. Pathophysiology of physical inactivity-dependent insulin resistance: a theoretical mechanistic review emphasizing clinical evidence[J]. J Diabetes Res, 2021, 2021: 7796727. PMCID: PMC8516544. DOI: 10.1155/2021/7796727 .

[6]

Mills GW, Avery PJ, McCarthy MI, et al. Heritability estimates for beta cell function and features of the insulin resistance syndrome in UK families with an increased susceptibility to type 2 diabetes[J]. Diabetologia, 2004, 47(4): 732-738. DOI: 10.1007/s00125-004-1338-2 .

[7]

Amiel SA, Sherwin RS, Simonson DC, et al. Impaired insulin action in puberty. A contributing factor to poor glycemic control in adolescents with diabetes[J]. N Engl J Med, 1986, 315(4): 215-219. DOI: 10.1056/NEJM198607243150402 .

[8]

Moran A, Jacobs DR, Steinberger J, et al. Insulin resistance during puberty: results from clamp studies in 357 children[J]. Diabetes, 1999, 48(10): 2039-2044. DOI: 10.2337/diabetes.48.10.2039 .

[9]

Park SE, Ahn JY, Kim EY. The assessment of brain volume differences in idiopathic central precocious puberty girls; comparison of age-matched girls and normal puberty girls[J]. Children (Basel), 2021, 8(9): 797. PMCID: PMC8466479. DOI: 10.3390/children8090797 .

[10]

Sørensen K, Mouritsen A, Mogensen SS, et al. Insulin sensitivity and lipid profiles in girls with central precocious puberty before and during gonadal suppression[J]. J Clin Endocrinol Metab, 2010, 95(8): 3736-3744. DOI: 10.1210/jc.2010-0731 .

[11]

Hur JH, Park S, Jung MK, et al. Insulin resistance and bone age advancement in girls with central precocious puberty[J]. Ann Pediatr Endocrinol Metab, 2017, 22(3): 176-182. PMCID: PMC5642083. DOI: 10.6065/apem.2017.22.3.176 .

[12]

Li Pomi A, Scalini P, De Masi S, et al. Screening for central precocious puberty by single basal luteinizing hormone levels[J]. Endocrine, 2024, 85(2): 955-963. PMCID: PMC11291536. DOI: 10.1007/s12020-024-03781-9 .

[13]

Jin W, Zhang M, Xiang J, et al. Diagnostic value of basal sex hormone levels and pelvic B-mode ultrasound in central precocious puberty among female children[J]. Rev Int Androl, 2024, 22(4): 68-74. DOI: 10.22514/j.androl.2024.032 .

[14]

Bangalore Krishna K, Fuqua JS, Rogol AD, et al. Use of gonadotropin-releasing hormone analogs in children: update by an international consortium[J]. Horm Res Paediatr, 2019, 91(6): 357-372. DOI: 10.1159/000501336 .

[15]

李辉, 季成叶, 宗心南, . 中国0~18岁儿童、青少年体块指数的生长曲线[J]. 中华儿科杂志, 2009, 47(7): 493-498. DOI: 10.3760/cma.j.issn.0578-1310.2009.07.004 .

[16]

中华医学会儿科学分会内分泌遗传代谢学组, 中华儿科杂志编辑委员会. 中枢性性早熟诊断与治疗专家共识(2022)[J]. 中华儿科杂志, 2023, 61(1): 16-22. DOI: 10.3760/cma.j.cn112140-20220802-00693 .

[17]

Tanner JM. Normal growth and techniques of growth assessment[J]. Clin Endocrinol Metab, 1986, 15(3): 411-451. DOI: 10.1016/s0300-595x(86)80005-6 .

[18]

Kurtoğlu S, Hatipoğlu N, Mazıcıoğlu M, et al. Insulin resistance in obese children and adolescents: HOMA-IR cut-off levels in the prepubertal and pubertal periods[J]. J Clin Res Pediatr Endocrinol, 2010, 2(3): 100-106. PMCID: PMC3005684. DOI: 10.4274/jcrpe.v2i3.100 .

[19]

Matthews DR, Hosker JP, Rudenski AS, et al. Homeostasis model assessment: insulin resistance and beta-cell function from fasting plasma glucose and insulin concentrations in man[J]. Diabetologia, 1985, 28(7): 412-419. DOI: 10.1007/BF00280883 .

[20]

Tokarz VL, MacDonald PE, Klip A. The cell biology of systemic insulin function[J]. J Cell Biol, 2018, 217(7): 2273-2289. PMCID: PMC6028526. DOI: 10.1083/jcb.201802095 .

[21]

Brüning JC, Gautam D, Burks DJ, et al. Role of brain insulin receptor in control of body weight and reproduction[J]. Science, 2000, 289(5487): 2122-2125. DOI: 10.1126/science.289.5487.2122 .

[22]

Skorupskaite K, George JT, Anderson RA. The kisspeptin-GnRH pathway in human reproductive health and disease[J]. Hum Reprod Update, 2014, 20(4): 485-500. PMCID: PMC4063702. DOI: 10.1093/humupd/dmu009 .

[23]

Dilworth L, Facey A, Omoruyi F. Diabetes mellitus and its metabolic complications: the role of adipose tissues[J]. Int J Mol Sci, 2021, 22(14): 7644. PMCID: PMC8305176. DOI: 10.3390/ijms22147644 .

[24]

Shpakov AO, Ryzhov JR, Bakhtyukov AA, et al. The Regulation of the Male Hypothalamic-Pituitary-Gonadal Axis and Testosterone Production by Adipokines[M]//Estrada M. Advances in Testosterone Action. London: IntechOpen, 2018.

[25]

Klenke U, Constantin S, Wray S. Neuropeptide Y directly inhibits neuronal activity in a subpopulation of gonadotropin-releasing hormone-1 neurons via Y1 receptors[J]. Endocrinology, 2010, 151(6): 2736-2746. PMCID: PMC2875836. DOI: 10.1210/en.2009-1198 .

[26]

Burt Solorzano CM, Knudsen KL, Anderson AD, et al. Insulin resistance, hyperinsulinemia, and LH: relative roles in peripubertal obesity-associated hyperandrogenemia[J]. J Clin Endocrinol Metab, 2018, 103(7): 2571-2582. PMCID: PMC6692879. DOI: 10.1210/jc.2018-00131 .

[27]

Luo Y, Luo D, Li M, et al. Insulin resistance in pediatric obesity: from mechanisms to treatment strategies[J]. Pediatr Diabetes, 2024, 2024: 2298306. PMCID: PMC12016791. DOI: 10.1155/2024/2298306 .

[28]

Singh Y, Garg MK, Tandon N, et al. A study of insulin resistance by HOMA-IR and its cut-off value to identify metabolic syndrome in urban Indian adolescents[J]. J Clin Res Pediatr Endocrinol, 2013, 5(4): 245-251. PMCID: PMC3890224. DOI: 10.4274/Jcrpe.1127 .

[29]

Escagedo PD, Deal CL, Dwyer AA, et al. Insulin-like growth factor 1, but not insulin-like growth factor-binding protein 3, predicts central precocious puberty in girls 6-8 years old: a retrospective study[J]. Horm Res Paediatr, 2021, 94(1/2): 44-51. PMCID: PMC8491484. DOI: 10.1159/000516361 .

[30]

Brambilla I, Guarracino C, Pistone C, et al. Role of luteinizing hormone urinary levels in the diagnostic and therapeutic management of female central precocious puberty[J]. Ital J Pediatr, 2023, 49(1): 100. PMCID: PMC10441738. DOI: 10.1186/s13052-023-01506-8 .

[31]

Zhang M, Sun J, Wang Y, et al. The value of luteinizing hormone basal values and sex hormone-binding globulin for early diagnosis of rapidly progressive central precocious puberty[J]. Front Endocrinol (Lausanne), 2023, 14: 1273170. PMCID: PMC10840421. DOI: 10.3389/fendo.2023.1273170 .

[32]

Baronio F, Assirelli V, Deiana G, et al. Does basal morning luteinizing hormone (bLH) predict central precocious puberty (CPP) in girls?[J]. Medicina (Kaunas), 2024, 60(3): 497. PMCID: PMC10972438. DOI: 10.3390/medicina60030497 .

基金资助

郑州大学研究生教育研究项目(YJSJY2025180)

RIGHTS & PERMISSIONS

版权所有 © 2023中国当代儿科杂志

AI Summary AI Mindmap
PDF (590KB)

302

访问

0

被引

详细

导航
相关文章

AI思维导图

/