3D打印抗冲击高分子材料的研究进展

Research Progress in 3D Printed Impact-Resistant Polymer Materials

摘要

在当前工业制造与科技快速发展的环境下，对兼具轻量化与高抗冲击性能的材料需求日益迫切。抗冲击高分子材料作为载荷结构的关键组成部分，其设计与制备技术的突破对提升产品的安全性及可靠性具有重要意义。3D打印技术凭借其高精度与高度定制化的特点，能够制造出传统成型工艺难以实现的复杂结构，通过该技术制备具有优异能量耗散特性的高分子微结构，可有效提升终端产品的冲击防护性能。本文综述了3D打印抗冲击高分子材料的研究进展，介绍了可用于增材制造的抗冲击高分子材料的主要类别与性能特征，并探讨了主流3D打印技术在提升材料抗冲击性能方面的工艺优势。在此基础上分析了3D打印抗冲击高分子材料在汽车工业、航空航天、电子以及生物医疗等领域中的应用前景。最后指出3D打印高分子材料在应用方面展现出显著潜力的同时仍存在一些技术挑战，这些问题的解决需要多个学科的深入探索和持续创新。

Abstract

In the current environment of rapid industrial manufacturing and technological development, there is an increasingly urgent demand for materials that combine lightweight properties with high impact resistance. As a key component of load-bearing structures, the design and preparation technology of impact-resistant polymer materials plays a significant role in enhancing the safety and reliability of products. 3D printing technology, with its high precision and customizability, can produce complex structures unattainable through traditional molding processes. By using this technology to fabricate polymer-based structures with high energy absorption properties, the impact resistance of final products can be further enhanced. We review the research progress in 3D printed impact-resistant polymer materials, outline the basic types and characteristics of such materials suitable for additive manufacturing, and discuss the manufacturing advantages of mainstream 3D printing technologies in achieving material impact resistance. Furthermore, we analyze the application prospects of 3D printed impact-resistant polymer materials in fields such as the automotive, aerospace, electronics, and biomedical sectors. Finally, we point out that while 3D printed polymer materials demonstrate significant potential in practical applications, certain technical challenges remain. Addressing these issues requires in-depth exploration and continuous innovation across multiple disciplines.

关键词

3D打印 / 抗冲击 / 高分子材料 / 复合材料 / 增材制造

Key words

3D printing / impact resistance / polymer material / composite material / additive manufacturing

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基金资助

国家自然科学基金(U2530222)

国家自然科学基金(52403167)

国家自然科学基金(52473080)